license: mit
multilinguality: multilingual
task_categories:
- multiple-choice
pretty_name: Tokenization Robustness
tags:
- multilingual
- tokenization
- robustness
dataset_info:
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_abbreviations
features:
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dtype: string
- name: choices
list: string
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- name: vanilla_cos_sim_to_canonical
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splits:
- name: test
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num_examples: 37
download_size: 36121
dataset_size: 19544
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_canonical
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dataset_size: 21874
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_capitalization
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dtype: string
- name: lang
dtype: string
- name: second_lang
dtype: string
- name: notes
dtype: string
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: set_id
dtype: string
- name: variation_id
dtype: string
- name: vanilla_cos_sim_to_canonical
struct:
- name: CohereLabs/aya-expanse-8b
dtype: float64
- name: Qwen/Qwen3-8B
dtype: float64
- name: bigscience/bloom
dtype: float64
- name: common-pile/comma-v0.1-1t
dtype: float64
- name: facebook/xglm-564M
dtype: float64
- name: google-bert/bert-base-multilingual-cased
dtype: float64
- name: google/byt5-small
dtype: float64
- name: google/gemma-2-2b
dtype: float64
- name: gpt2
dtype: float64
- name: meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B
dtype: float64
- name: microsoft/Phi-3-mini-4k-instruct
dtype: float64
- name: mistralai/tekken
dtype: float64
- name: tiktoken/gpt-4o
dtype: float64
- name: tokenmonster/englishcode-32000-consistent-v1
dtype: float64
- name: trimmed_cos_sim_to_canonical
struct:
- name: CohereLabs/aya-expanse-8b
dtype: float64
- name: Qwen/Qwen3-8B
dtype: float64
- name: bigscience/bloom
dtype: float64
- name: common-pile/comma-v0.1-1t
dtype: float64
- name: facebook/xglm-564M
dtype: float64
- name: google-bert/bert-base-multilingual-cased
dtype: float64
- name: google/byt5-small
dtype: float64
- name: google/gemma-2-2b
dtype: float64
- name: gpt2
dtype: float64
- name: meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B
dtype: float64
- name: microsoft/Phi-3-mini-4k-instruct
dtype: float64
- name: mistralai/tekken
dtype: float64
- name: tiktoken/gpt-4o
dtype: float64
- name: tokenmonster/englishcode-32000-consistent-v1
dtype: float64
- name: token_counts
struct:
- name: CohereLabs/aya-expanse-8b
dtype: int64
- name: Qwen/Qwen3-8B
dtype: int64
- name: bigscience/bloom
dtype: int64
- name: common-pile/comma-v0.1-1t
dtype: int64
- name: facebook/xglm-564M
dtype: int64
- name: google-bert/bert-base-multilingual-cased
dtype: int64
- name: google/byt5-small
dtype: int64
- name: google/gemma-2-2b
dtype: int64
- name: gpt2
dtype: int64
- name: meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B
dtype: int64
- name: microsoft/Phi-3-mini-4k-instruct
dtype: int64
- name: mistralai/tekken
dtype: int64
- name: tiktoken/gpt-4o
dtype: int64
- name: tokenmonster/englishcode-32000-consistent-v1
dtype: int64
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 18991
num_examples: 37
download_size: 38294
dataset_size: 18991
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_word_reordering
features:
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: choices
list: string
- name: answer
dtype: int64
- name: answer_label
dtype: string
- name: split
dtype: string
- name: subcategories
dtype: string
- name: category
dtype: string
- name: lang
dtype: string
- name: second_lang
dtype: string
- name: notes
dtype: string
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: set_id
dtype: string
- name: variation_id
dtype: string
- name: vanilla_cos_sim_to_canonical
struct:
- name: CohereLabs/aya-expanse-8b
dtype: float64
- name: Qwen/Qwen3-8B
dtype: float64
- name: bigscience/bloom
dtype: float64
- name: common-pile/comma-v0.1-1t
dtype: float64
- name: facebook/xglm-564M
dtype: float64
- name: google-bert/bert-base-multilingual-cased
dtype: float64
- name: google/byt5-small
dtype: float64
- name: google/gemma-2-2b
dtype: float64
- name: gpt2
dtype: float64
- name: meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B
dtype: float64
- name: microsoft/Phi-3-mini-4k-instruct
dtype: float64
- name: mistralai/tekken
dtype: float64
- name: tiktoken/gpt-4o
dtype: float64
- name: tokenmonster/englishcode-32000-consistent-v1
dtype: float64
- name: trimmed_cos_sim_to_canonical
struct:
- name: CohereLabs/aya-expanse-8b
dtype: float64
- name: Qwen/Qwen3-8B
dtype: float64
- name: bigscience/bloom
dtype: float64
- name: common-pile/comma-v0.1-1t
dtype: float64
- name: facebook/xglm-564M
dtype: float64
- name: google-bert/bert-base-multilingual-cased
dtype: float64
- name: google/byt5-small
dtype: float64
- name: google/gemma-2-2b
dtype: float64
- name: gpt2
dtype: float64
- name: meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B
dtype: float64
- name: microsoft/Phi-3-mini-4k-instruct
dtype: float64
- name: mistralai/tekken
dtype: float64
- name: tiktoken/gpt-4o
dtype: float64
- name: tokenmonster/englishcode-32000-consistent-v1
dtype: float64
- name: token_counts
struct:
- name: CohereLabs/aya-expanse-8b
dtype: int64
- name: Qwen/Qwen3-8B
dtype: int64
- name: bigscience/bloom
dtype: int64
- name: common-pile/comma-v0.1-1t
dtype: int64
- name: facebook/xglm-564M
dtype: int64
- name: google-bert/bert-base-multilingual-cased
dtype: int64
- name: google/byt5-small
dtype: int64
- name: google/gemma-2-2b
dtype: int64
- name: gpt2
dtype: int64
- name: meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B
dtype: int64
- name: microsoft/Phi-3-mini-4k-instruct
dtype: int64
- name: mistralai/tekken
dtype: int64
- name: tiktoken/gpt-4o
dtype: int64
- name: tokenmonster/englishcode-32000-consistent-v1
dtype: int64
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 21498
num_examples: 40
download_size: 39384
dataset_size: 21498
configs:
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_abbreviations
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_abbreviations/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_canonical
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_canonical/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_capitalization
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_capitalization/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_character_deletion
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_character_deletion/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_character_substitution
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_character_substitution/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_colloquial
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_colloquial/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_compounds
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_compounds/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_contractions
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_contractions/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_date_formats
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_date_formats/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_emoji_substitution
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_emoji_substitution/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_grammatical_errors
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_grammatical_errors/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_historical_spelling
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_historical_spelling/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_homoglyphs
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_homoglyphs/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_hyphenated_spelling
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_hyphenated_spelling/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_inflections
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_inflections/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_keyboard_proximity_errors
data_files:
- split: test
path: >-
tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_keyboard_proximity_errors/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_letter_repetition_for_emphasis
data_files:
- split: test
path: >-
tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_letter_repetition_for_emphasis/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_lowercase
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_lowercase/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_macron_diacritic
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_macron_diacritic/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_ocr_errors
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_ocr_errors/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_orthographic_errors
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_orthographic_errors/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_scripted_text
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_scripted_text/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_similar_words
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_similar_words/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_space_removal
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_space_removal/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_spaced_styling
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_spaced_styling/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_spelled_out
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_spelled_out/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_superscript_subscript_styling
data_files:
- split: test
path: >-
tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_superscript_subscript_styling/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_web_search_query
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_web_search_query/test-*
- config_name: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_word_reordering
data_files:
- split: test
path: tokenizer_robustness_completion_english_word_reordering/test-*
language:
- en
size_categories:
- n<1K
Dataset Card for Tokenization Robustness
TokSuite Benchmark (English Collection)
Dataset Description
This dataset is part of TokSuite, a comprehensive benchmark designed to measure how different tokenization strategies affect language model performance and robustness in isolation. This specific collection contains English multiple-choice text completion questions paired with a wide range of real-world surface-form perturbations that are known to interact strongly with tokenization.
- Curated by: R3 Research Team
- Language(s): English (
en) - License: MIT License
Dataset Summary
TokSuite addresses a core challenge in language model research: isolating and measuring the impact of tokenizer choice on model behavior. The English collection serves as the reference and anchor language for TokSuite, providing a high-resource baseline with diverse perturbations that generalize across domains and writing styles.
Key Features:
- 40 canonical English questions with high baseline accuracy
- Extensive perturbation coverage spanning typography, formatting, morphology, noise, and stylistic variation
- Parallel structure with TokSuite benchmarks in Turkish, Italian, Farsi, and Chinese
- Controlled design enabling clean measurement of performance degradation under perturbations
Supported Tasks
- Multiple-Choice Question Answering: Text completion with four answer options
- Tokenizer Robustness Evaluation: Measuring accuracy drop under token-altering perturbations
- Benchmarking Tokenization Effects: Isolating tokenizer behavior independent of model architecture or scale
Languages
The dataset contains text exclusively in English (language code: en).
Dataset Structure
Data Fields
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
question |
string |
The question text in English |
choices |
list[string] |
Four multiple-choice answer options |
answer |
int64 |
Index of the correct answer |
answer_label |
string |
Letter label of the correct answer |
split |
string |
Dataset split identifier |
subcategories |
string |
Perturbation category |
lang |
string |
Language code (en) |
second_lang |
string |
Optional paraphrase or descriptive reference |
notes |
string |
Additional context about the perturbation |
id |
string |
Unique question identifier |
set_id |
float64 |
Question set grouping identifier |
variation_id |
float64 |
Variation number within a question set |
vanilla_cos_sim_to_canonical |
dict[string, float] |
Cosine similarity to canonical form (raw tokens) |
trimmed_cos_sim_to_canonical |
dict[string, float] |
Cosine similarity after token normalization |
token_counts |
dict[string, integer] |
Token counts per tokenizer |
Dataset Creation
Curation Rationale
The English benchmark was created to:
- Serve as a high-resource reference language for tokenizer robustness studies
- Systematically probe tokenizer sensitivity to formatting, noise, and stylistic variation
- Enable controlled comparisons across tokenizers under identical model conditions
- Provide a reusable evaluation suite for studying tokenization effects in isolation
All canonical questions are intentionally simple, ensuring high baseline accuracy so that observed performance changes are attributable to perturbations rather than reasoning difficulty.
Source Data
Data Collection and Processing
- Canonical Questions: 40 English questions authored by the TokSuite team
- Perturbations: Targeted surface-form transformations applied per question
- Validation: Model-in-the-loop verification to ensure canonical solvability
Perturbation Categories (English)
Each perturbation represents a distinct, realistic transformation of English text that can alter token boundaries or distributions.
Canonical
Standard, grammatically correct English text with no perturbations. Serves as the reference condition.Abbreviations
Introduces common English abbreviations and shortened forms (e.g.,Dr.,etc.,vs.).Capitalization
Alters casing patterns through random capitalization, lowercasing, or mixed case.Character Deletion
Removes characters within words, simulating typing omissions.Character Substitution
Replaces characters with visually or keyboard-adjacent alternatives.Colloquial
Applies informal spoken English forms and casual phrasing.Compounds
Merges multi-word expressions into compound forms (e.g.,notebookvs.note book).Contractions
Uses contracted forms such asdon’t,it’s, andthey’re.Date Formats
Varies date representations (e.g.,March 12, 2022,12/03/22,2022-03-12).Emoji Substitution
Replaces words with semantically related emojis.Grammatical Errors
Injects plausible agreement, tense, or syntactic errors.Historical Spelling
Uses archaic or historical English spellings.Homoglyphs
Substitutes characters with visually similar Unicode glyphs.Hyphenated Spelling
Introduces or removes hyphens in compound words.Inflections
Alters tense, plurality, or derivational morphology.Keyboard Proximity Errors
Simulates typos from adjacent keyboard keys.Letter Repetition for Emphasis
Repeats letters for expressive emphasis (e.g.,soooo).Lowercase
Converts all text to lowercase.Macron / Diacritic Styling
Adds diacritics uncommon in modern English.OCR Errors
Introduces character confusions typical of optical character recognition.Orthographic Errors
Applies plausible spelling mistakes.Scripted Text
Uses decorative or stylized Unicode script characters.Similar Words
Substitutes near-synonyms or easily confusable words.Space Removal
Removes spaces between words.Spaced Styling
Inserts extra spacing between characters or words.Spelled-Out Forms
Replaces numerals or symbols with fully spelled-out equivalents.Superscript / Subscript Styling
Uses Unicode superscripts or subscripts.Web Search Query
Rewrites questions in keyword-heavy search-engine style.Word Reordering
Alters word order while preserving overall meaning.
Annotations
Annotation Process
All canonical questions and perturbations were manually created and reviewed by the TokSuite team. Perturbations were designed to reflect realistic surface-form variations encountered in English text processing.
Annotators
Researchers and contributors involved in the TokSuite project with expertise in NLP and tokenizer behavior.
Personal and Sensitive Information
The dataset contains no personal, sensitive, or identifying information. All questions are general-knowledge based.
Considerations for Using the Data
Social Impact
This dataset supports research into more robust and equitable language technologies by highlighting how tokenization choices affect model behavior, even in high-resource languages like English.
Biases and Limitations
- Focuses on Standard English
- Evaluation-only dataset with limited size
- Multiple-choice format
- Does not cover domain-specific or conversational tasks
Additional Information
Dataset Curators
TokSuite Research Team (R3).
Licensing
MIT License.
Citation
If you use this dataset, please cite the TokSuite paper:
@inproceedings{toksuite2026,
title={TokSuite: Measuring the Impact of Tokenizer Choice on Language Model Behavior},
author={Altıntaş, Gül Sena and Ehghaghi, Malikeh and Lester, Brian and Liu, Fengyuan and Zhao, Wanru and Ciccone, Marco and Raffel, Colin},
booktitle={Preprint},
year={2026},
arxiv={https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.20757},
url={TBD}
}
Paper: TokSuite: Measuring the Impact of Tokenizer Choice on Language Model Behavior
Contributions
This dataset is part of TokSuite, which includes:
- 14 language models with identical architectures but different tokenizers
- Multilingual benchmark datasets (English, Turkish, Italian, Farsi, Chinese)
- Comprehensive analysis of tokenization's impact on model behavior
Contact
For questions or issues related to this dataset, please refer to the TokSuite project or contact the authors of the paper.
Part of the TokSuite Project
Understanding Tokenization's Role in Language Model Behavior