text
string
title
string
year
int16
snapshot
string
length_chars
int32
raw_length_chars
int32
id
string
processed_at
string
''Americium'' () is a synthetic element that has the symbol ''Am'' and atomic number 95. A radioactive metallic element, americium is an actinide that was obtained in 1944 by bombarding plutonium with neutrons and was the fourth transuranic element to be discovered. It was named for the Americas, by analogy with europi...
Americium
2,008
20080103
5,764
13,321
d406f5c61378
2026-05-31T08:27:28.776886Z
''Astatine'' () is a chemical element with the symbol ''At'' and atomic number 85. This radioactive element occurs naturally from uranium-235 and uranium-238 decay. It is the heaviest of the halogens. == Notable characteristics == This highly radioactive element has been confirmed by mass spectrometers to behave chemi...
Astatine
2,008
20080103
3,514
6,156
a60d3a919542
2026-05-31T08:27:28.777128Z
|- ! bgcolor=gray | Properties |- | |} In chemistry and physics, an ''atom'' (Greek 'ἄτομος' or 'átomos' meaning "the smallest indivisible particle of matter, i.e. something that cannot be divided") is the smallest particle still characterizing a chemical element. An atom consists of a dense nucleus of positively cha...
Atom
2,008
20080103
33,471
53,562
706808ab3f55
2026-05-31T08:27:28.784619Z
thumb|220px|Modern arable agriculture typically uses large field (agriculture)|fields like this one in Dorset, England. thumb|500px|Percentage of arable land by country, from CIA Factbook|CIA figures In geography, ''arable land'' (from Latin 'arare', to plough) is an agricultural term, meaning land that can be used for...
Arable land
2,008
20080103
6,356
7,042
203f1dcbedef
2026-05-31T08:27:28.785030Z
''Aluminium'' (, ) or ''aluminum'' (, see 'spelling' below) is a silvery white and ductile member of the poor metal group of chemical elements. It has the symbol ''Al''; its atomic number is 13. Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and the third most abundant element overall, after oxygen and sil...
Aluminium
2,008
20080103
31,381
44,027
98ed68f395e7
2026-05-31T08:27:28.788504Z
Heidelberg, Germany | Instrument = | Voice_type = | Genre = German hip hop, Hip hop, Rap | Occupation = | Years_active = 1987 - present | Label = MZEE, 360° Records | Associated_acts = Boulevard Bou | URL = | Current_members = Tor...
Advanced Chemistry
2,008
20080103
1,827
2,949
454c54a9dcdc
2026-05-31T08:27:28.788836Z
''Abdication'' (from the Latin 'abdicatio', disowning, renouncing, from 'ab', away from, and 'dicare', to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one) is the act of renouncing and resigning from a formal office, especially from the supreme office of state. In Roman law the term was also applied to the disowning of a f...
Abdication
2,008
20080103
4,530
14,033
fb22ba4ba4ba
2026-05-31T08:27:28.789951Z
The ''Anglican Communion'' is a world-wide affiliation of Anglican Churches. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full autonomy. As the name suggests, the Anglican 'Communion' is an association of these churches in full communion with the C...
Anglican Communion
2,008
20080103
20,113
23,046
01a80ff457c5
2026-05-31T08:27:28.792164Z
''Arne Kaijser'' (born 1950) is a professor of History of Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and the head of the university's department of History of science and technology. Kaijser has published two books in Swedish: 'Stadens ljus. Etableringen av de första svenska gasverken' and 'I fädren...
Arne Kaijser
2,008
20080103
828
1,664
e916e6ee0278
2026-05-31T08:27:28.792368Z
'thumb|The Mergui Archipelago thumb|The Archipelago Sea, situated between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland, the largest archipelago in the world by the number of islands. An ''archipelago'' is a chain or cluster of islands. The word 'archipelago' literally means "chief sea", from Greek 'arkhon' ('arkhi'-) ("...
Archipelago
2,008
20080103
2,244
2,809
4fb0d3e53f31
2026-05-31T08:27:28.792467Z
| birth_place = Edinburgh, Scotland | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Novelist, short story writer, poet, doctor | movement = | genre = Detective fiction, historical novels, non-fiction | magnum_opus = | influences = Edgar Allan Poe | influenced = Agatha Christie and other detective fiction...
Arthur Conan Doyle
2,008
20080103
15,887
22,923
93032e4547e8
2026-05-31T08:27:28.795210Z
An ''author'' is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and as "one who sets forth written statements" in the Oxford English Dictionary (1). The first entry suggests that authorship determines responsibility for what is created. The second entry goes on to clarify that, when using th...
Author
2,008
20080103
6,826
7,296
d808149f1fb5
2026-05-31T08:27:28.795499Z
:'This article is about the mathematician. For the hockey player, see Andrei Markov (hockey player).' N.S. |birth_place = Ryazan, Russia |residence = |nationality = n |death_date = |death_place = Petrograd, Russia |field = Mathematician |work_institutions = St Petersburg University |alma_mater = St Petersburg Univ...
Andrey Markov
2,008
20080103
6,283
8,020
6b7aa54b4d5a
2026-05-31T08:27:28.796576Z
An ''alumnus'' (pl. alumni) according to the 'American Heritage Dictionary' is "a male graduate or former student of a school, college, or university." In addition, an ''alumna'' (pl. alumnae) is "a female graduate or former student of a school, college, or university." ==Origin== In Latin grammar, nouns are const...
Alumnus
2,008
20080103
3,595
4,790
32c58374c842
2026-05-31T08:27:28.796756Z
thumb|right|The Scream (1893) by Edvard Munch. 'Angst' or 'anguish' is a Germanic word for fear or anxiety. It is used in English to describe an intense feeling of emotional strife. In German, it is the fear of possible suffering and a behavior resulting from uncertainty and strain which is caused by pain, loss, and d...
Angst
2,008
20080103
4,006
4,574
5d35ea1195de
2026-05-31T08:27:28.796880Z
''Anxiety'' is a ''physiological'' state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components (Seligman, Walker & Rosenhan, 2001). These components combine to create the feelings that we typically recognize as fear, apprehension, or worry. Anxiety is often accompanied by physical sensations such a...
Anxiety
2,008
20080103
3,620
11,048
ee6150dd7456
2026-05-31T08:27:28.797975Z
| birth_place = Hampstead, London, England | death_date = | death_place = Hartfield, Sussex, England | occupation = Novelist, Playwright, Poet | genre = | magnum_opus = Winnie-the-Pooh | influences = | influenced = | website = | footnotes = ''Alan Alexander Milne'' () (January 18, 1882 – Jan...
A. A. Milne
2,008
20080103
11,592
14,561
e296c6634b9d
2026-05-31T08:27:28.799047Z
thumb|right|English High School ''Alumni Athletic Club'', usually just ''Alumni'', is a rugby union and former football (soccer) sports club from the Belgrano district of Buenos Aires in Argentina. The club was founded in 1891, with the name ''Buenos Aires English High School''. The club were the most successful teams...
Alumni Athletic Club
2,008
20080103
2,369
3,350
e1a42201181f
2026-05-31T08:27:28.799216Z
thumb|right|200px|Heroin bottle The term 'addiction' was used to describe a devotion, attachment, dedication, inclination, etc. Nowadays, however, the term ''addiction'' is used to describe a recurring compulsion by an individual to engage in some specific activity, despite harmful consequences to the individual's hea...
Addiction
2,008
20080103
31,444
35,552
772c07c3ebae
2026-05-31T08:27:28.801586Z
An ''axiom'' is a sentence or proposition that is not proved or demonstrated and is considered as self-evident or as an initial necessary consensus for a theory building or acceptation. Therefore, it is taken for granted as true, and serves as a starting point for deducing and inferencing other (theory dependent) truth...
Axiom
2,008
20080103
22,574
27,573
87120a0d375d
2026-05-31T08:27:28.802836Z
''Alpha'' (Greek '), (uppercase ''Α'', lowercase ''α'') is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 1. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Aleph 20px|Aleph. Letters that arose from Alpha include the Latin A and the Cyrillic letter А. In both Classical Greek and Mo...
Alpha (letter)
2,008
20080103
3,293
5,494
c9d877558982
2026-05-31T08:27:28.803730Z
''Alvin Toffler'' (born October 3, 1928) is an American writer and futurist, known for his works discussing the digital revolution, communications revolution, corporate revolution and technological singularity. A former associate editor of 'Fortune' magazine, his early work focused on technology and its impact (through...
Alvin Toffler
2,008
20080103
8,090
9,745
991b21d3c602
2026-05-31T08:27:28.803952Z
: 'The Amazing Spider-Man is a comics series. For other uses see The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation).' 'The Amazing Spider-Man' is the title of a comic book published by Marvel Comics, a television program and a daily newspaper comic strip featuring the adventures of the superhero Spider-Man. ==Comic book == Sp...
The Amazing Spider-Man
2,008
20080103
36,772
42,356
3582d8698b82
2026-05-31T08:27:28.805951Z
''Archie'' is a given name of English origin. It is a popular diminutive of Archibald, meaning true, bold, and valuable. In fiction: * 'Archy and Mehitabel', a serialized work of fiction by Don Marquis * Archie Andrews (puppet), the ventriloquist Peter Brough's dummy * Archie Bunker, a television sitcom character * ...
Archie
2,008
20080103
1,588
1,976
0c13c158714f
2026-05-31T08:27:28.806222Z
''AM'' or ''Am'' may refer to: * Artium Magister, alternative abbreviation for a Master's degree in Arts * Americium, a chemical element with symbol Am * Arthur-Merlin protocol, an interactive proof system in computational complexity theory * Automated Mathematician, an artificial intelligence program * Attometre (am),...
AM
2,008
20080103
2,433
2,893
4b79321bcf53
2026-05-31T08:27:28.806320Z
''Automated Alice'' is a fantastical book by British author Jeff Noon, first published in 1996. The book follows Alice's travels to a future Manchester city populated by 'Newmonians', 'Civil Serpents' and a vanishing cat. The book was written as both the third book in the Vurt series and the "trequel" to the famous L...
Automated Alice
2,008
20080103
920
1,884
80e3577516ae
2026-05-31T08:27:28.807195Z
|official_languages = English |capital = Saint John's |latd=17 |latm=7 |latNS=N |longd=61 |longm=51 |longEW=W |largest_city = capital |government_type = Parliamentary democracy and federal constitutional monarchy |leader_title1 = Head of State |leader_name1 ...
Antigua and Barbuda
2,008
20080103
17,726
24,645
0a02751a5e0b
2026-05-31T08:27:28.808558Z
thumb|right|250px|Sir Thomas More, one of the most famous early Lord Chancellors, served and was executed under King Henry VIII. 'A Man for All Seasons' is a play by Robert Bolt. An early form of the play had been written for BBC Radio in 1954, but after Bolt's success with 'The Flowering Cherry', he reworked it for t...
A Man for All Seasons
2,008
20080103
9,620
11,314
6f6635da9ba4
2026-05-31T08:27:28.810236Z
:'For other uses of Agincourt, see Agincourt.' |region= Nord-Pas-de-Calais |departement= Pas-de-Calais |mayor= Bernard Boulet |party = |mandat = 2001–2008 |subdivisions_entry = |area= 8.46 |subdivisions= |date-population= 1999 |population=273 |population-ranking= |date-density= 1999 |density= 32 |UU-area= |UU-ar...
Azincourt
2,008
20080103
2,261
3,075
178c87e7b175
2026-05-31T08:27:28.810404Z
''Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer'', commonly known as ''Albert Speer'' (; March 19, 1905 – September 1, 1981), was an architect, author and high-ranking Nazi German government official, sometimes called "the first architect of the Third Reich". Speer was Hitler's chief architect before becoming his Minist...
Albert Speer
2,008
20080103
26,437
33,137
ae188677cd74
2026-05-31T08:27:28.812943Z
''Alliaceae'' is a family of herbaceous perennial flowering plants. They are monocots, part of order Asparagales. The family has been widely but not universally recognised; in the past, the plants involved were often treated as belonging to the family Liliaceae, and still are by some botanists. The APG II system of 20...
Alliaceae
2,008
20080103
2,342
4,156
790afc2af347
2026-05-31T08:27:28.814298Z
The family ''Asteraceae'' or ''Compositae'', known as the ''aster'', ''daisy'' or ''sunflower family'', is the second largest family of flowering plants, after Orchidaceae, in terms of number of species. The name 'Asteraceae' is derived from the type genus 'Aster', while 'Compositae', an older but still valid name, m...
Asteraceae
2,008
20080103
3,904
15,760
02dcbc0e7d0a
2026-05-31T08:27:28.815322Z
The ''Apiaceae'' or ''Umbelliferae'' (both names are allowed by the ICBN) is a family of usually aromatic plants with hollow stems. It includes cumin, parsley, carrot, dill, caraway, fennel, and other relatives. It is a large family with about 300 genera and more than 3,000 species. The earlier name Umbelliferae derive...
Apiaceae
2,008
20080103
2,775
4,549
330da08fc639
2026-05-31T08:27:28.815457Z
:'For the fictional extraterrestrial species in British scifi drama Doctor Who, see The Claws of Axos An ''axon'' or ''nerve fiber'', is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma. == Anatomy == Axons are in effect the primary tr...
Axon
2,008
20080103
5,157
7,194
2db7047dc321
2026-05-31T08:27:28.815651Z
thumb|260px|Bilingual inscription (Greek and Aramaic) by the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great, 3rd century BCE. The ''Aramaic alphabet'' is an abjad, a consonantal alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. It developed out of the Phoenician alphabet, and became distinctive from it by the eighth century BCE. As with other abj...
Aramaic alphabet
2,008
20080103
4,035
7,971
04aafcbaad98
2026-05-31T08:27:28.816730Z
'As We May Think' is an essay by Vannevar Bush, first published in 'The Atlantic Monthly' in July 1945. Bush argued that as humans turned from war, scientific efforts should shift from increasing physical abilities to making all previous collected human knowledge more accessible. The article was a reworked and expand...
As We May Think
2,008
20080103
1,774
2,144
74129e70ae78
2026-05-31T08:27:28.816844Z
"''American shot''" is a translation of a phrase from French film criticism, "'plan américain'" and refers to a medium-long ("knee") film shot of a group of characters, who are arranged so that all are visible to the camera. The usual arrangement is for the actors to stand in an irregular line from one side of the scre...
American shot
2,008
20080103
1,020
1,156
a89376532bf5
2026-05-31T08:27:28.816891Z
| Image = | Caption = | DiseasesDB = 158 | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = neuro | eMedicineTopic = 500 | MeshID = D004673 | ''Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis'' (''ADEM'') is an immu...
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
2,008
20080103
1,763
2,394
8ec9561777b1
2026-05-31T08:27:28.817804Z
| ICD10 = | ICD9 = 781.3 ''Ataxia'' From Greek 'α-' (used as a negative prefix) + '-τάξις' (order), meaning "lack of order". It is a neurological sign and symptom consisting of gross incoordination of muscle movements. Ataxia is an aspecific clinical manifestation implying dysfunction of parts of the...
Ataxia
2,008
20080103
7,148
7,979
7e237c12a96f
2026-05-31T08:27:28.817973Z
:'This article is about the fictional literary character created by H.P. Lovecraft. For the character from the King's Quest video game, see King's Quest VI: Heir Today, Gone Tomorrow.' ''Abdul Alhazred'' is a fictional character created by American horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. He is the so-called "Mad Arab" credite...
Abdul Alhazred
2,008
20080103
5,880
7,544
68a040b36bee
2026-05-31T08:27:28.818998Z
thumb|200px|right|Ada Lovelace ''Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace'' (December 10, 1815 – November 27, 1852), born ''Augusta Ada Byron'', is mainly known for having written a description of Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine. ==Biography== Ada was the first le...
Ada Lovelace
2,008
20080103
10,076
13,382
e66614427138
2026-05-31T08:27:28.819315Z
In computer science, the ''ambient calculus'' is a process calculus devised by Luca Cardelli and Andrew D. Gordon in 1998, and used to describe and theorise about concurrent systems that include 'mobility'. Here 'mobility' means both computation carried out on mobile devices ('i.e.' networks that have a dynamic topolog...
Ambient calculus
2,008
20080103
3,073
3,940
31a8ba064ec4
2026-05-31T08:27:28.820170Z
thumb|August Derleth. ''August William Derleth'' (February 24 1909 – July 4 1971) was an American writer and anthologist. Though best remembered as H. P. Lovecraft's primary publisher, and for his own contributions to the Cthulhu Mythos genre of horror, Derleth was a prolific writer in several genres, including h...
August Derleth
2,008
20080103
18,421
21,096
20de2658dbaf
2026-05-31T08:27:28.821155Z
The ''Alps'' (; ; ; ; ) is the name for one of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria and Slovenia in the east, through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany to France in the west. The word "Alps" was taken via French from Latin 'Alpes' (meaning "the Alps"), which may be influenced ...
Alps
2,008
20080103
11,246
15,246
3f8962c44023
2026-05-31T08:27:28.822304Z
Villeblevin, France | school_tradition = Absurdism20px Nobel Prize in Literature (1957) | main_interests = Ethics, Humanity, Justice, Love, Politics | influences = Fyodor Dostoevsky, Franz Kafka, Søren Kierkegaard, Herman Melville, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone Weil, Victor Hugo, Pascal Pia, George Orw...
Albert Camus
2,008
20080103
23,360
28,240
032ebc81db65
2026-05-31T08:27:28.824098Z
| birth_place = Torquay, Devon, England | death_date = | death_place = Cholsey, Oxfordshire, England | occupation = Novelist | genre = Murder mystery, Crime fiction | movement = Golden Age of Detective Fiction | magnum_opus = The Murder of Roger Ackroyd | influences = Edgar Allan PoeAnna Katherine GreenSir Arthur Cona...
Agatha Christie
2,008
20080103
24,783
37,770
fff5b4cd7257
2026-05-31T08:27:28.826060Z
'The Plague' ('Fr.' 'La Peste') is a novel by Albert Camus, published in 1947, that tells the story of medical workers finding solidarity in their labour as the Algerian city of Oran is swept by a plague. It asks a number of questions relating to the nature of destiny and the human condition. The characters in the book...
The Plague
2,008
20080103
8,546
9,373
6af63a5b84a0
2026-05-31T08:27:28.827122Z
''Applied ethics'' is a discipline of philosophy that attempts to apply 'theoretical' ethics, such as utilitarianism, social contract theory, and deontology, to real world dilemmas. Topics falling within the discipline include medical ethics, legal ethics, environmental ethics, computer ethics, corporate social respon...
Applied ethics
2,008
20080103
4,080
6,210
3f1983cad775
2026-05-31T08:27:28.827315Z
| birth_place = Solingen, Germany | death_date = | death_place = Ramla, Israel | occupation = Obersturmbannführer, SS | spouse = Vera Liebl | parents = Adolf Karl Eichmann Maria Schefferling | children = Klaus Eichmann, Horst Adolf Eichmann, Dieter Helmut Eichmann, Ricardo Francisco Eichma...
Adolf Eichmann
2,008
20080103
28,311
37,677
3bef2b712e8c
2026-05-31T08:27:28.846595Z
In mathematics, the ''absolute value'' (or ''modulus'') of a real number is its numerical value without regard to its sign. So, for example, 3 is the absolute value of both 3 and −3. In computer programming, the mathematical function used to perform this calculation is usually given the name ''abs()''. Generalization...
Absolute value
2,008
20080103
10,611
17,727
17ed240390f4
2026-05-31T08:27:28.847669Z
''Arches National Park'' preserves over 2,000 natural sandstone arches, including the world-famous Delicate Arch, in addition to a variety of unique geological resources and formations. The park is located near Moab, Utah, and is 119 square miles (309 km²) in size. Its highest elevation is 5,653 feet (1,723 m) at Ele...
Arches National Park
2,008
20080103
10,297
12,485
035fd6efb1d7
2026-05-31T08:27:28.848449Z
An ''analog'' or ''analogue'' signal is any time continuous signal where some time varying feature of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity. It differs from a digital signal in that small fluctuations in the signal are meaningful. Analog is usually thought of in an electrical context, how...
Analog signal
2,008
20080103
3,963
4,432
0b6160bbc91d
2026-05-31T08:27:28.848626Z
''Arecales'' is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised only for the past few decades; until then, the accepted name for the order including these plants was Principes. The APG II system of 2003 recognises the order and places it in the clade commelinids in the monocots and uses this circum...
Arecales
2,008
20080103
1,053
1,752
f33584e8c6fa
2026-05-31T08:27:28.848698Z
'And Then There Were None' is a work of detective fiction by Agatha Christie and first published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club in November 1939 under the title of 'Ten Little Niggers' ==Film, TV and theatrical adaptations== In 1943, Agatha Christie adapted the story for the stage. In the process of doing so, sh...
And Then There Were None
2,008
20080103
5,674
29,405
d7d0df1618c1
2026-05-31T08:27:28.849960Z
''Hercule Poirot'' (pronounced in English ) is a fictional Belgian detective created by Agatha Christie. Along with Miss Marple, Poirot is one of Christie's most famous and long-lived characters: he appeared in 33 novels and 54 short stories. Poirot has been portrayed on screen, for films and TV, by various actor...
Hercule Poirot
2,008
20080103
35,541
44,663
76353603a655
2026-05-31T08:27:28.851971Z
''Jane Marple'', usually known as ''Miss Marple'', is a fictional character appearing in twelve of Agatha Christie's crime novels. Miss Marple is an elderly spinster who acts as an amateur detective, and lives in the village of St. Mary Mead. She has been portrayed numerous times on screen, and is one of the most famou...
Miss Marple
2,008
20080103
10,097
11,389
b96f69f64470
2026-05-31T08:27:28.852918Z
''April'' is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, and one of four months with the length of 30 days. April was originally the second month of the Roman calendar, before January and February were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. It became the fourth month of the calendar year (the year when ...
April
2,008
20080103
4,431
5,434
c12b2fdf84c1
2026-05-31T08:27:28.853144Z
''August'' is the eighth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. August begins (astrologically) with the sun in the sign of Leo and ends in the sign of Virgo. Astronomically speaking, the sun begins in the constellation of Cancer and ends in the constell...
August
2,008
20080103
6,409
8,054
0f1c5642af40
2026-05-31T08:27:28.853852Z
:'This article is about Aaron in the Hebrew Bible, the Qu'ran, and other sources. For other uses of the word Aaron, see Aaron (disambiguation).' thumb|350px|right|'The Adoration of the Golden Calf' by Nicolas Poussin ''Aaron'' (), or Aaron the Levite (flourished about 1200 BC), was, according to biblical accounts, on...
Aaron
2,008
20080103
10,040
25,470
3f0253c8b619
2026-05-31T08:27:28.854796Z
==Events== *1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. * 1655 - The miraculous statue entitled the Infant of Prague is solemnly crowned by command of Cardinal Harrach. *1660 - Declaration of Breda by King Charles II of England. *1721 - Sir Robert Walpole enters office...
April 4
2,008
20080103
18,651
23,340
1083de8b2590
2026-05-31T08:27:28.856541Z
==Events== * 402 - Stilicho stymies the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia. *1320 - The Scots reaffirm their independence by signing the Declaration of Arbroath. *1327 - The poet Petrarch first sees his idealized love, Laura, in the church of Saint Clare in Avignon. *1385 - John, Master of the Order of ...
April 6
2,008
20080103
15,015
19,358
fa3e66c0ef78
2026-05-31T08:27:28.857645Z
==Events== * 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire *1606 - The Union Flag is adopted as the flag of Great Britain. *1633 - The formal inquest of Galileo Galilei by the Inquisition begins. *1776 - North Carolina's Provincial Congress authorized its delegates to the Second Continental Congres...
April 12
2,008
20080103
15,564
20,150
b1603cb0f52e
2026-05-31T08:27:28.858817Z
==Events== *1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English forces, ending English domination in Northern France. *1632 - Battle of Rain; Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeat the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War. *1715 - Pocotaligo Mass...
April 15
2,008
20080103
17,980
23,120
7c060a96860e
2026-05-31T08:27:28.860473Z
== Events == *313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule. *711 - Islamic conquest of Hispania: Moorish troops led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad land at Gibraltar to begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus). *1006 - Supernova SN 1006, the brightest supernova in recorded hi...
April 30
2,008
20080103
16,222
20,990
0b6d287d2d78
2026-05-31T08:27:28.861797Z
==Events== * 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. * 476 - Odoacer is named 'Rex italiae' by his troop. * 565 - St. Columba reports seeing a monster in Loch Ness, Scotland. * 851 : Erispoe's army, King of Brittany, defeats Charles the Bald's one, the Franc king, near the Breton town of Jengland. Be...
August 22
2,008
20080103
17,978
23,986
aa401f3a5641
2026-05-31T08:27:28.863363Z
==Events== *479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan commander of the Greek army in the Battle of Plataea. Along the with the Greek victory on the same day in the Battle of Mycale, the Persian invasion of Greece ended. * 410 - Visigothic sack of Rome ends after t...
August 27
2,008
20080103
15,897
20,640
2781152abde7
2026-05-31T08:27:28.864733Z
250px|thumb|right|Functional group of an alcohol molecule. The carbon atom is attached to other carbon atom(s) or a hydrogen atom. In chemistry, an ''alcohol'' is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group ('-OH') is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group. The general formula for a simple ac...
Alcohol
2,008
20080103
6,280
27,521
a536f0531524
2026-05-31T08:27:28.866418Z
thumb|250px|Location of Achill Island right|thumb|250px|Keem Bay on Achill Island thumb|right|250px|Mural on Handball Alley. Muralist: Karen Forde thumb|right|250px|Overlooking the west coast of Achill Island thumb|right|250px|Keel Strand thumb|right|250px|Slievemore mountain dominates the centre of the island 250px|th...
Achill Island
2,008
20080103
9,372
10,835
8a47cc612eec
2026-05-31T08:27:28.866652Z
| birth_place = Newark, New Jersey | death_date = | occupation = poet, activist, essayist | movement = Beat, New American Poets, Postmodernism | magnum_opus = 'Howl', 'Kaddish' | influences = Neal Cassady,Jack Kerouac, Wavy Gravy, Gregory Corso, William S. Burroughs, William Blake, Walt Whitman, William Carlos William...
Allen Ginsberg
2,008
20080103
38,838
47,855
649badc6dfe9
2026-05-31T08:27:28.870634Z
In mathematics, a field is said to be ''algebraically closed'' if every polynomial in one variable of degree at least , with coefficients in , has a zero (root) in . ==Examples== As an example, the field of real numbers is not algebraically closed, because the polynomial equation has no solution in real numbers, eve...
Algebraically closed field
2,008
20080103
3,473
5,624
b02d3cc0711a
2026-05-31T08:27:28.871768Z
==Events== *1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. *1787 - Sixty proof sheets of the Constitution of the United States are delivered to the Constitutional Convention. *1806 - Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicates, thus ending the Holy Roman Empire. *1819 - Norwich University fo...
August 6
2,008
20080103
18,560
23,532
ba9303abb38f
2026-05-31T08:27:28.872973Z
|datebirth = |placebirth = Zlatoust, RSFSR, Soviet Union |title = Grandmaster (1970) |worldchampion = 1975-19851993-1999 (FIDE) |rating = |peakrating = 2780 (July 1994) ''Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov'' () (born May 23, 1951) is a Russian chess grandmaster and former World Champion. His tournament successes include 1...
Anatoly Karpov
2,008
20080103
16,666
19,484
28c5d4fa86cf
2026-05-31T08:27:28.874120Z
The ''aspect ratio'' of a two-dimensional shape is the ratio of its longer dimension to its shorter dimension. It is also applied to two characteristic dimensions of a three-dimensional shape, especially for the longest and shortest 'axes' or for symmetrical objects ('e.g'. rods) that are described by just two measure...
Aspect ratio
2,008
20080103
1,431
1,659
14a27a2b108a
2026-05-31T08:27:28.875003Z
right|thumb|190px|A Peugeot 206 World Rally Car ''Automobile racing'' (also known as ''auto racing'', ''motor racing'', or ''car racing'') is a sport involving racing automobiles. Auto racing began in 1895, and is now one of the world's most popular sports. == History == === The beginning of race cars=== Racing began...
Auto racing
2,008
20080103
21,417
26,810
7777102cc29a
2026-05-31T08:27:28.876248Z
''Anarcho-capitalism'' (a form of market anarchism or individualist anarchism) is an anti-state political philosophy that reconciles ''anarchism'' with ''capitalism''. It advocates the elimination of the state; the provision of law enforcement, courts, national defense, and all other security services by voluntarily-fu...
Anarcho-capitalism
2,008
20080103
56,444
84,516
b8bf7750b380
2026-05-31T08:27:28.880822Z
== Events == * 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt. * 378 - Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople - A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens is defeated by the Visigoths in present-day Turkey. Valens is killed along with over half...
August 9
2,008
20080103
16,120
20,609
9c240c3f4aa6
2026-05-31T08:27:28.882363Z
thumb|Sketch of Aristophanes ''Aristophanes'' (, in English, ca. 456 BC – ca. 386 BC), son of Philippus, was a Greek Old Comic dramatist. He is also known as 'the Father of Comedy' and 'the Prince of Ancient Comedy'. [http://manybooks.net/support/b/brewere/brewere1143111431-8.exp.html] ==Biography== The place and e...
Aristophanes
2,008
20080103
8,914
11,316
94aa4aca9c9c
2026-05-31T08:27:28.883411Z
| birth_place = Kaisersberg, Alsace-Lorraine | death_date = | death_place = Lambaréné, Gabon | nationality = 1875-1918 German1918-1965 French | field = Medicine, music, philosophy, theology | work_institutions = | alma_mater = | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = |...
Albert Schweitzer
2,008
20080103
26,282
32,048
ef8c5be3155a
2026-05-31T08:27:28.885988Z
The ''Austrian School'', also known as the “''Vienna School''” or the “''Psychological School''”, is a heterodox school of economic thought that advocates adherence to strict methodological individualism. As a result Austrians hold that the only valid economic theory is logically derived from basic principles of human ...
Austrian School
2,008
20080103
19,549
25,789
63e9a11200fe
2026-05-31T08:27:28.887300Z
| Image = Abszess.jpg | Caption = Abscess | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D000038 | An ''abscess'' () is a collection of pus that has accumul...
Abscess
2,008
20080103
6,983
9,730
505a8c3b9fcd
2026-05-31T08:27:28.888283Z
The 'Abwehr' was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944. The term 'Abwehr' (German for 'defence') was used as a concession to Allied demands that Germany's post-World War I intelligence activities be for "defensive" purposes only. After February 4, 1938, its name in title was Overseas Department/Office in...
Abwehr
2,008
20080103
16,873
19,708
2b3fc5b7b6c3
2026-05-31T08:27:28.889304Z
thumb|275px|Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park thumb|275px|White House Ruins, Canyon de Chelly National Monument ''Ancient Pueblo People'' or ''Ancestral Puebloans'' were a prehistoric Native American culture centered around the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States, noted for their distin...
Ancient Pueblo Peoples
2,008
20080103
20,342
22,030
30691d6fe914
2026-05-31T08:27:28.890900Z
200px|thumb|right|Location of Aalborg municipality ''Aalborg Municipality'' is a municipality (Danish, 'kommune') in Region Nordjylland on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark. The municipality straddles the Limfjord, the waterway which connects the North Sea and the Kattegat east-to-west, and which separates the...
Aalborg Municipality
2,008
20080103
2,946
3,895
aaac0dbed758
2026-05-31T08:27:28.891127Z
''Aarhus'' (: ) also commonly known by its contemporary Danish spelling ''Århus'', is the second largest city and the principal port of Denmark, situated on the peninsula of Jutland. Aarhus is the seat of the council of Aarhus municipality and claims the unofficial title "Capital of Jutland". ==Demographics== Aarhus c...
Aarhus
2,008
20080103
19,910
26,482
328fbd259abe
2026-05-31T08:27:28.893127Z
| regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Actinopterygii | ordo = Percopsiformes | familia = Amblyopsidae | genus = 'Amblyopsis' | species = 'A. spelea' | binomial = 'Amblyopsis spelea' | binomial_authority = (DeKay, 1842) The ''northern cavefish'' or ''northern blindfish'', 'Amblyopsis spelea', is found in ...
Northern cavefish
2,008
20080103
708
1,066
3d27b06b8ba5
2026-05-31T08:27:28.893308Z
The term ''abandonment'' has a multitude of uses, legal and extra-legal. This "signpost article" provides a guide to the various legal and quasi-legal uses of the word and includes links to articles that deal with each of the distinct concepts at greater length. ''Abandonment'', in law, is the relinquishment or renun...
Abandonment
2,008
20080103
7,368
9,091
1b5a763b317d
2026-05-31T08:27:28.893484Z
''Abatement'' may refer to: *Abatement of debts and legacies, a common law doctrine of wills that holds that when the equitable assets of a deceased person are not sufficient to satisfy fully all the creditors, their debts must abate proportionately, and they must accept a dividend. *Abatement in pleading, a legal de...
Abatement
2,008
20080103
1,870
1,981
13047574637e
2026-05-31T08:27:28.893596Z
thumb|right|A pint of ale ''Ale'' is a type of beer brewed from barley malt with a top-fermenting brewers yeast. This yeast ferments the beer quickly, giving it a sweet, full body and a fruity (and sometimes butter-like) taste. Most ale contains some herb or spice, usually hops, which imparts a bitter herbal flavour th...
Ale
2,008
20080103
9,886
11,390
f79a091fa5a5
2026-05-31T08:27:28.894534Z
Most commonly an ''amateur'' is understood to be someone who does something without pay or formal training. Conversely, a 'professional' is someone who has received training in a particular area and who also makes a living from it. The word comes from French, and can be translated as "lover of", reflecting the amateur'...
Amateur
2,008
20080103
1,961
2,343
8fbc7b5311a1
2026-05-31T08:27:28.894676Z
| birth_place = Meigs County, Ohio, USA | death_date = 1914(?) | death_place = Chihuahua, Mexico | occupation = Journalist, Writer | genre = Satire | movement = Realism | influences = Jonathan Swift, Voltaire, Edgar Allan Poe | influenced = H.L. Mencken, William March, Jorge Luis Borges, Julio Cortázar, St...
Ambrose Bierce
2,008
20080103
16,677
20,345
0214f1b0044d
2026-05-31T08:27:28.896403Z
thumb|right|Alexis Carrel ''Alexis Carrel'' (June 28, 1873 - November 5, 1944) was a French surgeon, biologist and eugenicist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912. He was also a member of Jacques Doriot's Parti Populaire Français (PPF), the most collaborationist party during Vichy France....
Alexis Carrel
2,008
20080103
15,563
21,065
f263364cab9a
2026-05-31T08:27:28.897551Z
| birth_place = West Auckland, County Durham, United Kingdom | death_date = | death_place = Alvediston, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom | nationality = British | party = Conservative | religion = Anglican | alma_mater = Christ Church, Oxford | spouse = Beatrice Beckett (1902–...
Anthony Eden
2,008
20080103
21,343
31,038
e90479c348b0
2026-05-31T08:27:28.917620Z
In Western Christianity, ''All Souls' Day'' commemorates the faithful departed. This day is observed in the Roman Catholic Church, churches of the Anglican Communion, Old Catholic Churches, and to some extent among Protestants. The Eastern Orthodox Church observes several All Souls' Days during the year. The Roman Cath...
All Souls' Day
2,008
20080103
6,888
8,853
e0886acdaa2d
2026-05-31T08:27:28.919622Z
''Anatole France'' (16 April 1844 – 12 October 1924), born ''François-Anatole Thibault'', was a French author. He was born in Paris, and died in Tours, Indre-et-Loire. == Biography == The son of a bookseller, France spent most of his life around books. His father's bookstore was called the 'Librairie France'. An...
Anatole France
2,008
20080103
5,730
7,887
a019582a20b2
2026-05-31T08:27:28.919858Z
| birth_place = Paris | death_date = | death_place = Paris | occupation = Novelist, essayist | genre = | movement = | magnum_opus = 'The Immoralist' 'The Counterfeiters' | influences = Dostoevsky, Fielding, du Gard, Nietzsche, Rabindranath Tagore, Wilde | influenced = Rivière, Brian O'Nolan, Jean-Paul ...
André Gide
2,008
20080103
9,744
12,268
c2decb1bad1f
2026-05-31T08:27:28.922546Z
''Algorithms for calculating variance'' play a minor role in statistical computing. A key problem in the design of good algorithms for this problem is that formulas for the variance may involve sums of squares, which can lead to numerical instability as well as to arithmetic overflow when dealing with large values. ==...
Algorithms for calculating variance
2,008
20080103
5,149
7,090
99b7550d5e96
2026-05-31T08:27:28.922885Z
The ''Almond'' ('Prunus dulcis', syn. 'Prunus amygdalus' Batsch., 'Amygdalus communis' L., 'Amygdalus dulcis' Mill.) is a species of 'Prunus' belonging to the subfamily Prunoideae of the family Rosaceae; within 'Prunus', it is classified with the Walnut in the subgenus 'Amygdalus', distinguished from the other subgener...
Almond
2,008
20080103
14,570
21,002
cf56d9c2657d
2026-05-31T08:27:28.928742Z
''Antigua and Barbuda's economy'' is service-based, with tourism and government services representing the key sources of employment and income. Tourism accounts directly or indirectly for more than half of GDP and is also the principal earner of foreign exchange in Antigua and Barbuda. However, a series of violent hurr...
Economy of Antigua and Barbuda
2,008
20080103
4,577
6,361
414f817edce6
2026-05-31T08:27:28.929167Z
Antigua and Barbuda maintains diplomatic relations with the United States, Canada the United Kingdom, and the People's Republic of China, as well as with many Latin American countries and neighboring Eastern Caribbean states. It is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of America...
Foreign relations of Antigua and Barbuda
2,008
20080103
1,594
1,829
b4125f3790de
2026-05-31T08:27:28.931650Z
''Antisemitism'' (alternatively spelled ''anti-semitism'' or ''anti-Semitism'', also known as 'judophobia') is hostility, prejudice, toward Jews as a religious, racial, or ethnic group. This hostility may be manifested in discrimination against individual Jews, or in extreme cases violent attacks on entire communities...
Antisemitism
2,008
20080103
19,344
120,198
eb56ce765ea4
2026-05-31T08:27:28.941516Z