Input: [Type] JBQ [Name] Copper core rubber-bushed insulated butyronitrile sheath lead wire [Applicable scope]

Output: It is used for leading wire of Class B insulated electric machine of 1000V and below

SJOO Rubber Cable, View SJOO Rubber Cable , XINDA Product Details from Henan Xunda Cable Co., Ltd. on Alibaba.com


Input: [Type] BX BLX [Name] Rubber-bushed insulated fiber braided wife [Applicable scope]

Output: Fixed laying

SJOO Rubber Cable, View SJOO Rubber Cable , XINDA Product Details from Henan Xunda Cable Co., Ltd. on Alibaba.com


Input: [Type] BXR [Name] Copper core rubber insulated fiber braided soft wire [Applicable scope]

Output: It should be installed in the door and softer place.

SJOO Rubber Cable, View SJOO Rubber Cable , XINDA Product Details from Henan Xunda Cable Co., Ltd. on Alibaba.com


Input: [Type] BXY BLXY [Name] Rubber insulated neoprene or other syntheticrubber mixture sheath wire [Applicable scope]

Output: It is should for cold crossing the pipe and fised laying.

SJOO Rubber Cable, View SJOO Rubber Cable , XINDA Product Details from Henan Xunda Cable Co., Ltd. on Alibaba.com


Input: [Type] BXF BLXF [Name] Rubber insulated neoprene or other syntheticrubber mixture sheath wire [Applicable scope]

Output: lt is suitable for cold crossing the pipe and fised laying.

SJOO Rubber Cable, View SJOO Rubber Cable , XINDA Product Details from Henan Xunda Cable Co., Ltd. on Alibaba.com


Input: [Type] YH [Name] Natural rubber sheath welder cable [Applicable scope]

Output: It is used for the welder to connect with the welding pliers

SJOO Rubber Cable, View SJOO Rubber Cable , XINDA Product Details from Henan Xunda Cable Co., Ltd. on Alibaba.com


Input: [Type] YTY TF [Name] Rubber sheath elevator cable [Applicable scope]

Output: lt is suitable for the elevator

SJOO Rubber Cable, View SJOO Rubber Cable , XINDA Product Details from Henan Xunda Cable Co., Ltd. on Alibaba.com


Input: [Type] YR YRF [Name] Natural butylbenzene insulated and sbeath/neoprene sheath multiple-core mobile soft cable [Applicable scope]

Output: It is suitable for the electric block,driving and exploring equipment

SJOO Rubber Cable, View SJOO Rubber Cable , XINDA Product Details from Henan Xunda Cable Co., Ltd. on Alibaba.com


Input: [Definition] Order included in the class Arachnida. The members of this order (mites and ticks) are very tiny organisms with an unsegmented abdomen and generally four pairs of unjointed legs. [French] Acarien [Term]

Output: Acari (Acarian)

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A species of less commercial value than the principal species but sometimes useful in assisting the latter and liable to influence the method of treatment to some degree. [French] Essences auxiliaires [Term]

Output: Accessory species

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The establishment of a tree crop on an area from which it has always, or for very long, been absent. Where such establishment fails and is repeated, the latter may properly be termed reafforestation. [French] Boisement [Term]

Output: Afforestation

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Of a forest, crop, or stand that contains trees of all, or almost all, age classes, including those of exploitable age. [French] De tous âges [Term]

Output: All-aged

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A place where many kinds of trees and shrubs are grown for scientific and educational purposes. [French] Arboretum [Term]

Output: Arboretum

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Phylum of invertebrate animals that possess an exoskeleton and a segmented body with jointed appendages (legs). Arthropods include crustaceans, spiders and insects. [French] Arthropodes [Term]

Output: Arthropoda

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Birds, in particular, all the birds of a given site: the avifauna of a marsh, a prairie, etc. [French] Avifaune [Term]

Output: Avifauna

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Single-celled organisms that have no nucleus; Plural of bacterium. [French] Bactérie [Term]

Output: Bacteria

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Applying pesticides and/or fertilizers in a linear strip on or along crop rows rather than over the entire ground area. [French] Pulvérisation en bandes [Term]

Output: Band application

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The collection of life on earth; the natural patterns that form from all the species of life (species diversity), the genes that each of them possess (genetic diversity), as well as the ecosystems which these species form (ecosystem diversity). [French] Biodiversité [Term]

Output: Biodiversity

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The application of whole organisms or portions of organisms as biologically sound alternatives to broad-spectrum chemical pesticides. [French] Méthodes de lutte biologique contre les ravageurs [Term]

Output: Biological pest control methods

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The portion of the earth comprising the lower atmosphere, the seas, and the land surface (mantle rock) in which living organisms exist. [French] Biosphère [Term]

Output: Biosphere

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] As defined in the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, the application of science and engineering in the direct or indirect use of living organisms, or parts or products of living organisms, in their natural or modified forms. It refers to the techniques through which organisms such as plants, fungi, or microorganisms can be used to provide products or services. [French] Biotechnologie [Term]

Output: Biotechnology

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] One of three main forest zones in the world (see also tropical forest, temperate forest) located in northern regions and is characterized by the predominance of conifers (such as pine, spruce, larch and fir) and some deciduous (such as poplar and birch). The boreal forest (singular) is a colloquial term often used to refer to the overall forested area within the boreal zone, and sometimes to refer to the boreal zone itself because forests dominate this landscape. Boreal forests (plural) is the preferred term for the forested areas within the boreal zone. [French] Forêt boréale [Term]

Output: Boreal forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A band of forest left relatively undisturbed so as to protect some element of the environment, such as a streambank from erosion. [French] Rideau vert [Term]

Output: Buffer strip

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Forest certification is a market-based instrument aimed at promoting sustainable forest management that takes into account environmental, economic and social issues. It involves the independent assessment of forest management according to internationally (or nationally) accepted standards, and the tracking and monitoring of the supply of forest products to the market place. If the forest management is in compliance with a set of specified standards, and the timber from this forest has been tracked and accounted for through all stages of the production process, then it can be given a label which is recognized in the market place. [French] Certification forestière [Term]

Output: Certification (forest)

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A single DNA molecule encoding a portion or all of a living organism’s genetic information; threadlike and located in the cell’s nucleus in higher organisms, circular in bacteria. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. [French] Chromosome [Term]

Output: Chromosome

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Taxonomic level between Phyllum and Order. Eg, class Insecta [French] Classe [Term]

Output: Class

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli. [French] Adaptation au changement climatique [Term]

Output: Climate change adaptation

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Human intervention to reduce the effects of climate change. [French] Atténuation du changement climatique [Term]

Output: Climate change mitigation

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The standing and downed dead wood in a forest. [French] Débris ligneux grossier [Term]

Output: Coarse woody debris

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Forest land that is able to grow commercial timber within an acceptable time frame and is designated for such a purpose. [French] Forêt d'intérêt commercial [Term]

Output: Commercial forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The management of forest lands using strategies and practices that increase the productivity of both timber and non-timber resources. [French] Aménagement compatible [Term]

Output: Compatible management

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Creating plantations in one area in order to replace, in part or whole, a loss of growing stock elsewhere. [French] Reboisement de compensation [Term]

Output: Compensatory planting

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] In ecology, principle (also known as Gause’s principle) that states no two species can occupy exactly the same fundamental niche indefinitely in a habitat where they are competing for the same essential resource, and that one species will crowd out the other. [French] Exclusion compétitive [Term]

Output: Competitive exclusion

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A device for collecting cones from a standing tree; it is lowered from a helicopter, over the crown of a tree. Cones or cone-bearing branches are removed and retrieved by the device. [French] Cueilleur de cônes [Term]

Output: Cone rake

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Main subarea of the vast boreal zone, which is characterized by relatively dense stands containing primarily boreal coniferous species and shade-intolerant deciduous trees. [French] Forêt boréale continue [Term]

Output: Continuous boreal forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Pertaining to organisms that are active during the dim light of dusk or dawn. [French] Crépusculaire [Term]

Output: Crepuscular

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The harvestable vegetation growing on a forest area, more particularly the major woody growth forming the forest crop. [French] Peuplement forestier [Term]

Output: Crop

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The preservation of living materials at very low temperatures, often within liquid nitrogen, to protect them against damage. [French] Cryopréservation [Term]

Output: Cryopreservation

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A variety of plant cultivated on account of its favourable characteristics for horticulture, forestry or agriculture. [French] Cultivars [Term]

Output: Cultivar

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Timber produced from dead standing trees. More commonly, timber in dead standing trees. [French] Bois mort [Term]

Output: Deadwood

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Subarea of the northern temperate zone, which is characterized mainly by sugar maple-dominated deciduous forests. This is the subarea with the greatest floristic richness. [French] Forêt décidue [Term]

Output: Deciduous forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Trees that lose their leaves in the fall, such as birch, maple and basswood, are deciduous species. “Deciduous” means falling off or shed seasonally. [French] Espèce arborescente décidue [Term]

Output: Deciduous species

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Micro-organisms that break down, digest and metabolize organic wastes, such as dead leaves, dropped fruits, wood and dead animals. [French] Décomposeurs [Term]

Output: Decomposers

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Feeding on detritus, decomposing organic matter. [French] Détritivore [Term]

Output: Detritivorous

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Computer-based representation of a mathematical model describing natural phenomena. These models use complex equations to perform essentially mathematical simulations of natural phenomena. They are used to study and test hypotheses about tides, climate change, the changes in an insect population or a forest, and so on. [French] Modèles numériques [Term]

Output: Digital model

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Alteration of the normal functions of a whole plant or part of it, caused by a living or dead agent. The main agents involved in the initiation of disease are pollution, animals, fungi and other plants. [French] Maladie [Term]

Output: Disease

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Harmful deviation from normal functioning of physiological processes, generally pathogenic or environmental in origin. [French] Maladie [Term]

Output: Disease

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The relative ability of a tree or plant species to dominate a forest ecosystem, given an opportunity equal to that of its associates. [French] Potentiel de dominance [Term]

Output: Dominance potential

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A general term referring to the litter and humus layers of the forest floor. [French] Litière [Term]

Output: Duff layer

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The sum of the plants, animals, environmental influences, and their interactions within a particular habitat. [French] Écosystème [Term]

Output: Ecosystem

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A loosely defined type of habitat that occurs at the boundary between two different habitat types. Typically, edge habitats share characteristics with both adjacent habitat types and have particular transitional characteristics that are important to wildlife. [French] Habitat de lisière [Term]

Output: Edge habitat

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Species that are threatened with imminent extinction; includes species whose numbers or habitats have been reduced to critical levels. [French] Espèce en voie de disparition [Term]

Output: Endangered species

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Part of zoology concerned with the study of insects. [French] Entomologie [Term]

Output: Entomology

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A process designed to contribute pertinent environmental information to the decision-making process of forest management or other natural resource projects and programs. [French] Évaluation environnementale [Term]

Output: Environmental assessment

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Benefits humans get directly or indirectly from ecosystem functions. Ecosystem functions are the "…habitat, biological or system properties or processes of ecosystems" (Costanza et al. 1997). They include clean air and water, soil retention, and wildlife habitat, to name a few. [French] Biens et services écologiques [ou environnementaux] [Term]

Output: Environmental goods and services

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Favorable to the genetic quality of a population. cf. dysgenic. [French] Eugénique [Term]

Output: Eugenic

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The enrichment of water by nutrients, especially compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus, that will accelerate the growth of algae and higher forms of plant life. This enrichment may interfere with the normal ecological balance of the receiving waters. [French] Eutrophisation [Term]

Output: Eutrophication

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An introduced, non-native tree species. [French] Exotique [Term]

Output: Exotic

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Refers to the local extinction of a species that is no longer found in a locality or country, but exists elsewhere in the world. [French] Espèce disparue [Term]

Output: Extirpated species

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A general term for all forms of animal life characteristic of a region, period or special environment. [French] Faune [Term]

Output: Fauna

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A type of wildlife management that does not attempt to manage for all species, but selects a few species of particular concern or interest (for example, big game species or endangered species) and aims management programs at them. With respect to habitat, it is generally assumed that providing habitat for these species provides habitat for other species as well. [French] Gestion axée sur les espèces [Term]

Output: Featured-species management

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A nursery, generally not permanent, established in or near the forest rather than near an administrative or executive headquarters. Also referred to as satellite nursery in Ontario and in the Prairies. [French] Pépinière volante [Term]

Output: Field nursery

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A tree or species of inferior value, retained in thinning or cleaning, in the absence of any better. [French] Remplissage (arbre de) [Term]

Output: Filler

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A general term for all forms of plant life characteristic of a region, period or special environment. [French] Flore [Term]

Output: Flora

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Ecosystem that generally covers a large area and is composed of woody vegetation dominated by trees growing in a relatively dense pattern. [French] Forêt [Term]

Output: Forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Ecology: Generally, an ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover. More particularly, a plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together. [French] Forêt [Term]

Output: Forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Any activities that enhance or recover forest growth or harvest yield (e.g., site preparation, planting, thinning, fertilizing, harvesting, etc.), and road construction or reconstruction within forest lands. [French] Pratiques forestières [Term]

Output: Forest practices

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A process of delineating large geographic areas according to landform and climate, associated with broad variations in overall forest composition. [French] Classification des régions forestières [Term]

Output: Forest regions classification

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The forest sector includes governments, conservation and environmental groups, woodlot owners, Aboriginals, urban forestry interests, lumber and pulp and paper producers and value-added industries, forest-reliant communities, the recreation and tourism industries, and other sectors of the economy (including the energy, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries) that derive wealth and well-being from forest resources. [French] Secteur forestier [Term]

Output: Forest sector

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] see forest site type [French] Site forestier [Term]

Output: Forest site

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An international certification and labelling system under which forests are certified against strict environmental and social standards, and fibre from certified forests is tracked from the forest to consumers. [French] Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) [Term]

Output: Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A group of forested areas or stands of similar composition; forest types are usually separated and identified by species composition and often by height and crown closure classes. [French] Type forestier [Term]

Output: Forest type

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Generally, a profession embracing the science, business, and art of creating, conserving, and managing forests and forest lands for the continuing use of their resources, material or other. [French] Foresterie [Term]

Output: Forestry

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Any activity that is carried out on forest land to facilitate the use of forest resources, including, but not limited to, timber harvesting, road construction, silviculture, grazing, recreation, pest control and wildfire suppression. [French] Pratiques forestières [Term]

Output: Forestry practices

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The splitting or isolating of patches of similar habitat, typically forest cover, but including other types of habitat. Habitat can be fragmented naturally or from forest management activities, such as clearcut logging. [French] Fragmentation [Term]

Output: Fragmentation

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Trees with both parents in common. Defined in Manitoba as trees where both parents are known. [French] Pleins germains [Term]

Output: Full-sibs

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Any agent used to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi and their spores. [French] Fongicide [Term]

Output: Fungicide

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Substance used to kill fungi. [French] Fongicide [Term]

Output: Fungicide

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Products that can inhibit the growth of fungi or kill them. Fungicides are used in agriculture and industrial plantation forestry to protect plants and trees from certain fungal diseases. [French] Fongicides [Term]

Output: Fungicides

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Feeding on fungi. [French] Fongivore [Term]

Output: Fungivorous

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A functional portion of a chromosome in which inheritable characteristics are determined by the sequence of nucleotides along the DNA. [French] Gène [Term]

Output: Gene

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An ex situ conservation facility that stores plant germplasm of various species in the form of pollen, seeds, or tissue culture. Also refers to a database of publicly available DNA sequences. [French] Banque de gènes [Term]

Output: Gene bank

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The multi-step process in which the coded information in a gene is converted into functional products. [French] Expression génétique [Term]

Output: Gene expression

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The movement of alleles among interbreeding individuals belonging to different populations, by means of seed or pollen dispersal or the migration of individuals. [French] Flux génique [Term]

Output: Gene flow

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The genetic variation present in a population or species. [French] Diversité génétique [Term]

Output: Genetic diversity

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An individual hereditary constitution derived from its parents and forming a unique combination of genes; sometimes referring to trees having similar genetic constitutions with regard to certain common, identifiable genetic characteristics. [French] Génotype [Term]

Output: Genotype

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Living in or on the ground. [French] Géophile [Term]

Output: Geophilous

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The rise in temperature of the Earth's atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect. [French] Réchauffement climatique [Term]

Output: Global warming

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A method of management by which species are assembled into groups based on similarities in their habitat requirements. One species is selected to indicate the group; conserving the habitat of that particular species ensures the conservation of other members of the guild. [French] Gestion par association [Term]

Output: Guild management

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The environment in which a population or individual lives; includes not only the place where a species is found, but also the particular characteristics of the place (for example, climate or the availability of suitable food and shelter) that make it especially well suited to meet the life cycle needs of that species. [French] Habitat [Term]

Output: Habitat

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A snag composed primarily of sound wood, generally merchantable. [French] Chicot dur [Term]

Output: Hard snag

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Trees whose leaves are not persistent and fall off at the end of a defined growing season or during a period of temperature or moisture stress. This is the predominant tree type in deciduous forests. Also refers to the wood produced by these trees. [French] Feuillus (arbres à feuilles caduques) [Term]

Output: Hardwood(s) (broad-leaved trees)

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] That portion of the character variance due to hereditary factors as distinct from factors of environment. Heritability is described in one of two ways, depending on the type of investigation. [French] Héritabilité [Term]

Output: Heritability

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A forest managed to harvest forest products and to sustain the natural system, including its bioproductivity, biotic and abiotic diversity. Modern technology, equipment and methods may be used to harvest, restock and tend the forest, with an emphasis on natural restocking, supplemented with artificial restocking of appropriate endemic species. [French] Forêt patrimoniale [Term]

Output: Heritage forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A partial harvest removing only the most valuable species, or trees of desirable size and quality, without regard for the condition of the residual stand. [French] Écrémage [Term]

Output: High grading

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Living in or on humus or leaf litter. [French] Humicole [Term]

Output: Humicolous

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A general term for the more or less decomposed (plant and animal) residues in the soil, litter therefore being excluded. [French] Humus [Term]

Output: Humus

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The offspring of genetically different parents (usually refers to crosses between two species). [French] Hybride [Term]

Output: Hybrid

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Plant obtained by crossing two genetically dissimilar parent plants. [French] Hybride [Term]

Output: Hybrid

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Sexual reproduction using genetically distinct parents, that is, belonging to different populations, varieties, or species. [French] Hybridation [Term]

Output: Hybridization

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Parasitic organism that lives off of another parasite. [French] Hyperparasite [Term]

Output: Hyperparasite

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Organism that attacks and lives on another parasitoid. [French] Hyperparasitoïde [Term]

Output: Hyperparasitoid

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The use of a mix of techniques and/or strategies to control pests, as opposed to the application of a single method. [French] Lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs [Term]

Output: Integrated pest management

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A holistic approach to resource management that entails the management of two or more resources (for example, water, soil, timber, pasture, wildlife, and recreation) and that integrates the values of the community into the design of policies or projects to use and sustain these resources in perpetuity. [French] Gestion intégrée des ressources [Term]

Output: Integrated resource management

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A survey of a forest area to determine data such as area, condition, timber, volume and species for a specific purpose, such as planning, purchasing, evaluating, managing or harvesting. [French] Inventaire forestier [Term]

Output: Inventory (forest)

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An algae and a fungus growing in symbiotic association on solid surfaces such as rocks or tree bark. [French] Lichen [Term]

Output: Lichen

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Organism consisting of a fungus (mycellium) and an alga (green alga cells) living in association. Lichens have a high tolerance for cold, drought and heat. They should not be confused with mosses, which are chlorophyll-containing plants. [French] Lichens [Term]

Output: Lichen

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Growing in or on wood. [French] Lignicole [Term]

Output: Lignicolous

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Main component of wood. [French] Lignine [Term]

Output: Lignin

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol. It is formed in the destructive distillation of wood or made synthetically, and used especially as an alternative fuel, a gasoline additive, a solvent, an antifreeze, or a denaturant for ethyl alcohol. [French] Alcools liquides [Term]

Output: Liquid alcohols

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Uppermost layer of organic debris on a forest floor. [French] Litière [Term]

Output: Litter

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The branches and tops cut from a tree, generally once felled or fallen. [French] Résidus d’ébranchage-façonnage [Term]

Output: Lop and top

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] In regular crops or stands, that portion of the growing stock retained after an intermediate cutting. [French] Peuplement principal [Term]

Output: Main crop

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Four-legged vertebrate of the class Mammalia, characterized by females that produce milk with which to feed their young. [French] Mammifère [Term]

Output: Mammal

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A snag that is of sufficient quality and/or volume to make it suitable for harvesting. [French] Chicot marchand [Term]

Output: Merchantable snag

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A microscopic one or multi-celled organism, such as a bacterium, virus, yeast, alga, fungus and protozoan. [French] Micro-organisme [Term]

Output: Micro-organism

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Living organisms (bacteria, microbes, yeasts) that can be seen only with a microscope. Micro-organisms that are likely to cause disease in other living organisms are called pathogens. [French] Micro-organismes [Term]

Output: Micro-organisms

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] See microorganism. [French] Microbe [Term]

Output: Microbe

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Soil-dwelling micro-organisms (animals) that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Synonym: soil fauna. [French] Microfaune [Term]

Output: Microfauna

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A general term for a unicellular or multicellular microscopic organism. Classifications of microorganisms include algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. [French] Microorganisme [Term]

Output: Microorganism

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The ultimate unit of the habitat, i.e., the specific spot occupied by an individual organism. By extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism and its environment. [French] Niche (écologique) [Term]

Output: Microsite

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A forest of high elevation that occurs along the foggy windward shores of continents and islands. [French] Forêt de brouillard [Term]

Output: Mist forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Subarea of the northern temperate zone, which is dominated by mixed forests encompassing both coniferous boreal species and more southerly deciduous species. [French] Forêt mélangée [Term]

Output: Mixed forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A stand composed of two or more species in which less than 80% of trees in the main crown canopy are of a single species. The threshold in Manitoba and New Brunswick is 75%. cf. pure stand [French] Mélangé [Term]

Output: Mixed stand

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Trees belonging to either of the botanical groups Gymnospermae or Angiospermae that are substantially intermingled in stands. [French] Peuplement mixte [Term]

Output: Mixedwoods

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] In vitro techniques that are rapid, efficient, and precise in obtaining novel gene combinations in living organisms. Most modern biotechnologies focus on organisms at the genetic level. (See also traditional biotechnology.) [French] Biotechnologie moderne [Term]

Output: Modern biotechnology

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] 1. General: Cultivation of a single crop or product without using the land for other purposes. 2. Biology: Extensive areas of land occupied or dominated by plant species that are closely related genetically. [French] Monoculture [Term]

Output: Monoculture

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Organism that feeds on a single host, whether plant or animal. [French] Monophage [Term]

Output: Monophagous

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] This global initiative was so named because the first meeting sponsored by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was held in Montreal. Currently, 12 countries representing 90% of the world's boreal and temperate forests have agreed to collaborate to develop national C&I for the conservation and sustainable management of all boreal and temperate forests. [French] Processus de Montréal sur les critères et les indicateurs [Term]

Output: Montréal Criteria and Indicators Process

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Death or destruction of forest trees as result of competition, disease, insect damage, drought, wind, fire, old age, and other factors, excluding harvesting. [French] Mortalité [Term]

Output: Mortality

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Visible reproductive part of any of various fungi. [French] Champignon de sol [Term]

Output: Mushroom

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Agents that cause a change in the DNA sequence of a cell. These include chemicals, X-rays, and ultraviolet light. [French] Mutagènes [Term]

Output: Mutagens

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A change to the DNA sequence of a gene or chromosome; may be expressed or unexpressed by the cell. If a mutation occurs in a gene, it changes the structure, function, or expression of the protein produced. [French] Mutation [Term]

Output: Mutation

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An overarching national vision and framework for Canada’s forests developed by the Council of Canadian Forest Ministers. The first strategy appeared in 1981. [French] Stratégie nationale sur la forêt [Term]

Output: National forest strategy

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A species that occurs naturally in an area. [French] Indigène [Term]

Output: Native (indigenous)

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A forest management philosophy that attempts to retain characteristics of old-growth stands in managed stands. [French] Nouvelle foresterie [Term]

Output: New forestry

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The unique environment used to sustain the existence of an organism or species. [French] Niche écologique [Term]

Output: Niche environment

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Any commodity obtained from the forest that does not necessitate harvesting trees. It includes game animals, fur-bearers, nuts and seeds, berries, mushrooms, oils, foliage, medicinal plants, peat, fuelwood, forage, etc. [French] Produit forestier non ligneux (PFNL) [Term]

Output: Non-timber forest products

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A value within the forest other than timber that includes, but is not limited to, biological diversity, fisheries, wildlife, minerals, water quality and quantity, recreation and tourism, cultural heritage values, and wilderness and aesthetic values. [French] Valeurs non ligneuses [Term]

Output: Non-timber value

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A dead or downed log that fosters tree seedlings by protecting them from such environmental factors as wind, insolation, or frost, or by providing appropriate soil and microclimate. [French] Grume-abri [Term]

Output: Nurse log

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An area set aside for the raising of young trees mainly for planting out. Temporary nurseries, particularly those formed beneath a high canopy of large trees, may be termed bush nurseries. cf. field nursery [French] Pépinière [Term]

Output: Nursery

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] One of the specially prepared plots in a nursery where seed is sown or into which transplants or cuttings are put. [French] Planche [Term]

Output: Nursery bed

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Mineral or organic substances (elements or chemical compounds) that plants and animals require for normal growth and activity. Plants and trees obtain nutrients primarily from the soil by absorbing them through their roots. [French] Nutriments [Term]

Output: Nutrients

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An old growth forest differs significantly from younger stands in structure, ecological function and species composition with respect to canopy closure, age class structure, accumulation of woody debris and the presence of species and functional processes that are representative of the potential natural community. [French] Forêt anciennne / vieille forêt [Term]

Output: Old-growth forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Proposed name for the natural forest commonly found in northern Canada. This forest is a mixture of wetlands and small trees, occasionally interspersed with highly productive forests. [French] Forêts claires [Term]

Output: Open forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] In even-aged management, those trees or stands past the mature stage. [French] Suranné [Term]

Output: Overmature

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] See biolistics. [French] Transformation par canon à particules [Term]

Output: Particle gun transformation

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Organism that causes serious damage to plants or foodstuffs. [French] Ravageur [Term]

Output: Pest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Species that are the first to colonize a new site or a new ecosystem. They are generally shade intolerant and need a lot of sunlight in order to grow. Poplars and birches are pioneer species. [French] Espèce pionnière [Term]

Output: Pioneer species

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A species adapted to early stages of natural forest succession or growth on newly available sites. [French] Essences transitoires [Term]

Output: Pioneer species

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Application of forestry principles to an artificial crop or stand. [French] Foresterie de plantation [Term]

Output: Plantation forestry

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A stand containing a preponderance of good phenotypes, but not necessarily plus trees. [French] Peuplement plus [Term]

Output: Plus stand

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A phenotype judged (but not proved by testing) to be unusually superior in some quality or qualities. [French] Arbre plus [Term]

Output: Plus tree

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Area in a stand or plantation where a disease originated. [French] Foyers d'infection [Term]

Output: Pocket of infection

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The simultaneous cultivation of a number of crops as opposed to stands composed of a single species. [French] Polyculture [Term]

Output: Polyculture

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Feeding on several plant or animal species. Organism that develops on more than one host, eg, the gypsy moth, a polyphagous caterpillar feeds on both deciduous and coniferous trees. [French] Polyphage [Term]

Output: Polyphagous

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The species to which the silviculture of a mixed forest is primarily directed, either for its (or their) economic or protective value. [French] Essences principales [Term]

Output: Principal species

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The offspring of a particular tree or a combination of one female and one male tree. [French] Descendance [Term]

Output: Progeny

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] All forest land managed primarily to exert beneficial influence on soil, water, landscape, or for any other purpose when production of merchantable timber, if any, is incidental. [French] Forêt de protection [Term]

Output: Protection forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Single-celled animal-like microorganisms whose cells have a nucleus. Protozoa play an important role in the ecology of aquatic and soil environments, where they are omnipresent. [French] Protozoaire [Term]

Output: Protozoa

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] 1. The geographical area and environment to which the parent trees, etc., are native and within which their genetic constitution has been developed through natural selection. 2. The geographical source, i.e., place of origin. [French] Provenance [Term]

Output: Provenance

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A population that exists within a species and exhibits genetic characteristics distinct from those of the other populations. It is usually an interbreeding unit. [French] Race [Term]

Output: Race

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Forest that occurs in an area of high rainfall. Rainforests are usually found near the sea or in mountainous regions that receive a great deal of rain. Tropical forests are generally rainforests. [French] Forêt pluviale [Term]

Output: Rainforest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] syn. reafforestation Successful renewal of a forest crop by planting or direct seeding. [French] Création de forêt [Term]

Output: Reforestation

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An inventory of the quantity and quality of regeneration over a given area. [French] Relevé de la régénération [Term]

Output: Regeneration survey

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The capacity of a community or ecosystem to maintain or regain normal function and development following disturbance. [French] Résilience [Term]

Output: Resilience

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] At a large scale, it is the band of forest that has a significant influence on a stream ecosystem or is significantly affected by the stream. At a smaller scale, it is the forest at the immediate water’s edge, where some specialized plants and animals form a distinct community. [French] Forêt riveraine [Term]

Output: Riparian forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A strip of land of variable width adjacent to and influenced by a body of fresh water. [French] Zone riveraine [Term]

Output: Riparian zone

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A quantitative and qualitative approach to determining the hazardous capacity of a new product. This involves the identification and characterization of hazards, an assessment of exposure to the product, and a final risk characterization of the product. [French] Évaluation des risques [Term]

Output: Risk assessment

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The forest growth that has developed (naturally or artificially) following the removal of the original forest. [French] Forêt de seconde venue [Term]

Output: Second growth forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A species of inferior quality and/or size, and of lesser silvicultural value, associated with the principal species. cf. accessory species [French] Essences secondaires [Term]

Output: Secondary species

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Herbaceous plants that have narrow leaves with sharp edges, flowers that are grouped into spikes and fruit (achenes) enclosed in small sacs. Sedges grow in tufts at the water’s edge and in wetlands. [French] Carex [Term]

Output: Sedge

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A place in which seeds of rare plant or obsolete varieties are stored, usually vacuum-packed and under cold conditions, to prolong their viability. [French] Banque de semences [Term]

Output: Seed bank

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A plantation of trees, assumed or proven genetically to be superior, that has been isolated so as to reduce pollination from genetically inferior outside sources, and intensively managed to improve the genotype and produce frequent, abundant, etc. [French] Verger à graines [Term]

Output: Seed orchard

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The locality where a seed lot was collected usually defined on an eco-geographic basis by distance, elevation, precipitation, latitude, etc. [French] Origine des graines [Term]

Output: Seed source

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A tree selected, and often reserved, for seed collection or provision of seed for natural regeneration. [French] Semencier [Term]

Output: Seed tree

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Choosing individuals with desired qualities to serve as parents for the next generation. [French] Sélection [Term]

Output: Selection

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Forest treated and managed under the selection system. [French] Forêt jardinée [Term]

Output: Selection forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Environmental influences on an organism that determine its likelihood of being preferentially selected among its co-habitants, that is, having a better survival and/or reproduction. [French] Pression sélective [Term]

Output: Selection pressure

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Reproduction that involves the fusion of genetic material from two distinct entities. [French] Reproduction sexuée [Term]

Output: Sexual reproduction

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An agroforestry system involving the planting of trees or shrubs whose canopy provides the appropriate level of shade to grow shade-requiring (perennial) crops. [French] Système de production sous couvert forestier [Term]

Output: Shade system

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A strip of living trees and/or shrubs maintained mainly to provide shelter for open land from wind, desiccation, snow-drift, etc. [French] Rideau-abri [Term]

Output: Shelterbelt

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The study of the life history and general characteristics of forest trees and stands, with particular reference to locality factors as a basis of silviculture. [French] Écologie forestière [Term]

Output: Silvics

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An agroforestry system where trees and livestock are produced together. [French] Système sylvopastoral [Term]

Output: Silvipasture

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An agroforestry practice involving the compatible combination of tree growing with forage and livestock production in order to maximize both ecological and economic benefits. [French] Sylvopastoralisme [Term]

Output: Silvopasture

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A land area based on its climatic, physiographic, edaphic, and biotic factors that determine its suitability and productivity for particular species and silvicultural alternatives. [French] Site [Term]

Output: Site

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The residue left on the ground after felling and tending and/or accumulating there as a result of storm, fire, girdling, or treatment with herbicide. It includes unutilized logs, uprooted stumps, broken or uprooted stems. [French] Rémanents [Term]

Output: Slash

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A standing dead tree from which the leaves and most of the branches have fallen. [French] Chicot [Term]

Output: Snag

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A snag composed primarily of wood in advanced stages of decay and deterioration, particularly in the sapwood portion. [French] Chicot pourri [Term]

Output: Soft snag

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A process by which clones are produced by cell growth from a seed embryo. [French] Embryogenèse somatique [Term]

Output: Somatic embryogenesis

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Group of individuals that possess common characteristics and are capable of producing fertile progeny [French] Espèce [Term]

Output: Species

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A community of trees possessing sufficient uniformity in composition, age, arrangement, or condition to be distinguishable from the forest or other growth on adjoining areas, thus forming a silvicultural or management entity. [French] Peuplement [Term]

Output: Stand

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A crop of trees in which the canopy can be differentiated into one or more layers, the dominant species in natural forest generally differing in each layer. [French] Futaie pluriétagée [Term]

Output: Storied high forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The storage of seeds under defined conditions of environment (temperature, moisture, gas exchange, medium, etc.) for specified periods in order to overcome passive or active inhibition of germination. [French] Stratification [Term]

Output: Stratification

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The distribution of trees in a stand or group by age, size, or crown classes (e.g., all-aged, even-aged, uneven-aged, regular, and irregular structures). [French] Structure [Term]

Output: Structure

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The broken or cut base of a branch projecting from a tree stem. [French] Chicot [Term]

Output: Stub

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A principle for safety assessment that compares a genetically modified product to a traditional non-modified product of the same species with a long history of safe use. A genetically modified product is substantially equivalent to the non-modified one if it is as safe to the environment and human health. [French] Équivalence en substance [Term]

Output: Substantial equivalence

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] An agroforestry system involving the planting of trees or shrubs with agricultural crops or forest-derived crops that require full sun. As the trees/shrubs grow, the canopy closes, and the level of shade increases, a sun system may become a shade system or another agroforestry system. (See also intercropping.) [French] Système de production à découvert [Term]

Output: Sun system

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The capacity of forests, ranging from stands to ecoregions, to maintain their health, productivity, diversity, and overall integrity, in the long run, in the context of human activity and use. The concept of producing a biological resource under management practices that ensure replacement of the part harvested, by regrowth or reproduction, before another harvest occurs. [French] Durabilité [Term]

Output: Sustainability

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A forest certification program run by a multi-stakeholder (environment, industry, government, academic groups, etc.) board of directors. The SFI standard is a comprehensive system of principles, objectives and performance measures that combines the perpetual growing and harvesting of trees with the long-term protection of wildlife, plants, and soil and water quality. [French] Sustainable Forestry Initiative [Term]

Output: Sustainable Forestry Initiative

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The living together in intimate association of two dissimilar organisms, so that the cohabitation is mutually beneficial. [French] Association symbiotique [Term]

Output: Symbiotic association

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Set of rules governing the classification and naming of species. [French] Taxinomie [Term]

Output: Taxonomy

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] One of three main forest zones in the world (see also boreal forest, tropical forest). The woodland of rather mild climatic areas; composed mainly of deciduous trees. [French] Forêt tempérée [Term]

Output: Temperate forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A species that is likely to become endangered in Canada if the factors affecting its vulnerability are not reversed. [French] Espèce menacée [Term]

Output: Threatened species

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A general term for the cultivation of plant or animal tissues in a controlled artificial environment on defined media under aseptic conditions. [French] Culture de tissus [Term]

Output: Tissue culture

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A distinguishable characteristic of an organism. [French] Caractère [Term]

Output: Trait

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Transfer of foreign DNA into the cell of an organism to change its genetic makeup. This is a natural process for many bacteria. [French] Transformation [Term]

Output: Transformation

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] One of three main forest zones in the world (see also boreal forest, temperate forest). A tropical woodland with an annual rainfall of a least 250 cm; marked by broad-leaved evergreen trees forming a continuous canopy. [French] Forêt tropicale [Term]

Output: Tropical forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The lower level of vegetation in a forest. Usually formed by ground vegetation (mosses, herbs and lichens), herbs and shrubs. [French] Sous-étage [Term]

Output: Understorey

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Species that conflict with or do not contribute to the management objectives. [French] Essences indésirables [Term]

Output: Undesirable species

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Of a forest, stand, or forest type in which intermingling trees differ markedly in age. The differences in age permitted in an uneven-aged stand are usually greater than 10-20 years. [French] Inéquienne [Term]

Output: Uneven-aged

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The trees, forests, and associated organisms that grow near buildings and in gardens, green spaces, parks, and golf courses located in village, town, suburban, and urban areas. [French] Forêt urbaine [Term]

Output: Urban forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A silvicultural system that follows nature’s model by always retaining part of the forest after harvesting. Standing trees are left in a dispersed or aggregated form to meet objectives such as retaining old-growth structure, habitat protection and visual quality. Variable retention retains structural features (snags, large woody debris, live trees of varying sizes, canopy levels) as wildlife habitat. [French] Rétention variable [Term]

Output: Variable-retention

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Specifically within forestry, any clone or product of breeding given a separate name. [French] Variété [Term]

Output: Variety

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Subdivision of species, a group of individuals that have common characteristics (example : The different varieties of apples). [French] Variété [Term]

Output: Variety

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] The structure formed by different layers of vegetation in a forest. [French] Structure verticale [Term]

Output: Vertical structure

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A tree that has escaped logging, windthrow, or fire, and occupies a dominant position in the stand. [French] vétéran [Term]

Output: veteran

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Natural forest, the development of which has been virtually uninfluenced by modern human activity. [French] Forêt vierge [Term]

Output: Virgin forest

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Bringing forth living, fully formed individuals that are capable of feeding. Said of producing bulbils on young plants, instead of and in place of flowers. [French] Vivipare [Term]

Output: Viviparous

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] A species that is considered at risk because it exists in low numbers or in restricted ranges, due to loss of habitat or other factors. [French] Espèce vulnérable [Term]

Output: Vulnerable species

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Dead and decomposing wood of various sizes. [French] Débris ligneux [Term]

Output: Woody debris

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Feeding on woody tissues (wood). [French] Xylophage [Term]

Output: Xylophagous

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [Definition] Growing in or living on wood. [French] Xylophile [Term]

Output: Xylophilous

Glossary | Forests | Natural Resources Canada


Input: [0] Sunday [Breakfast] Bread and Tea [Supper] Bread and Tea [Dinner]

Output: Bread and Meat

Immigrants to Canada - Widows and Orphans of 1847


Input: [0] Monday [Breakfast] Oatmeal Porridge and Milk [Supper] Bread and Tea [Dinner]

Output: Bread and Soup

Immigrants to Canada - Widows and Orphans of 1847


Input: [0] Tuesday [Breakfast] Oatmeal Porridge and Milk [Supper] Bread and Tea [Dinner]

Output: Bread and Meat

Immigrants to Canada - Widows and Orphans of 1847


Input: [0] Wedn [Breakfast] Oatmeal Porridge and Milk [Supper] Bread and Tea [Dinner]

Output: Bread and Soup

Immigrants to Canada - Widows and Orphans of 1847


Input: [0] Thursd [Breakfast] Oatmeal Porridge and Milk [Supper] Bread and Tea [Dinner]

Output: Bread and Meat

Immigrants to Canada - Widows and Orphans of 1847


Input: [0] Friday [Breakfast] Oatmeal Porridge and Milk [Supper] Bread and Tea [Dinner]

Output: Bread and Milk[sic]

Immigrants to Canada - Widows and Orphans of 1847


Input: [0] Saturd [Breakfast] Oatmeal Porridge and Milk [Supper] Bread and Tea [Dinner]

Output: Bread and Soup

Immigrants to Canada - Widows and Orphans of 1847


Input: [0] 1). Load Retention: [Blown Stretch Film] More holding power, won't re-stretch once applied [Cast Stretch Film]

Output: Stretches easily, even after applied to pallet which can cause shifting

Learn the Differences Between Blown & Cast Stretch Wraps and Films Online at RocketIndustrial.com


Input: [0] 2). Film Memory: [Blown Stretch Film] Higher ability to shrink back to original size after stretch [Cast Stretch Film]

Output: Minimal ability to go back to original state after stretching

Learn the Differences Between Blown & Cast Stretch Wraps and Films Online at RocketIndustrial.com


Input: [0] 3). Film Yield: [Blown Stretch Film] Stretches much farther to cover more pallets with less film [Cast Stretch Film]

Output: Additional stretching can be obtained easier through lower micron blown films (Conversion Chart)

Learn the Differences Between Blown & Cast Stretch Wraps and Films Online at RocketIndustrial.com


Input: [0] 4). Puncture Resistance: [Blown Stretch Film] Manufacturing process allows greater resistance to breaking [Cast Stretch Film]

Output: Standard tearing can occur when stressed too much

Learn the Differences Between Blown & Cast Stretch Wraps and Films Online at RocketIndustrial.com


Input: [0] 5). Cling of the Film: [Blown Stretch Film] 1 sided cling, great for higher load retention [Cast Stretch Film]

Output: Naturally clingy on both sides, can make pallets stick together

Learn the Differences Between Blown & Cast Stretch Wraps and Films Online at RocketIndustrial.com


Input: [0] 6). Visual Clarity: [Blown Stretch Film] Not crystal clear, can make reading and scanning harder, but has a lower gloss reducing reflections [Cast Stretch Film]

Output: Perfectly clear, makes reading and scanning in warehouse light easy, but a higher gloss makes reflections annoying.

Learn the Differences Between Blown & Cast Stretch Wraps and Films Online at RocketIndustrial.com


Input: [0] 7). Noise on unwind: [Blown Stretch Film] Loud when releasing from the roll [Cast Stretch Film]

Output: Very quiet when unwound from the stretch roll

Learn the Differences Between Blown & Cast Stretch Wraps and Films Online at RocketIndustrial.com


Input: [Mineral] Hydrogen [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Helium [Deposits] Noble World - Light [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Lithium [Deposits] Cimmerian World - Medium Opalescent World - Light [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Beryllium [Deposits] Plutonic World - Huge Crimson World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Boron [Deposits] Plutonic World - Huge Crimson World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Carbon [Deposits] Carbide World - Heavy×3 Organic World - Heavy [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Nitrogen [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Oxygen [Deposits] Redux World - Medium [Category]

Output: Corrosive


Input: [Mineral] Fluorine [Deposits] Halide World - Medium Redux World - Medium [Category]

Output: Corrosive


Input: [Mineral] Neon [Deposits] Fluorescent World - Huge Noble World - Light [Category]

Output: Noble Gas


Input: [Mineral] Sodium [Deposits] Cracked World - Huge [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Magnesium [Deposits] Iodine World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Aluminum [Deposits] Xenolithic World - Huge Dust World - Light Selenic World - Light Water World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Silicon [Deposits] Maroon World - Medium Opalescent World - Light [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Phosphorus [Deposits] Ultraviolet World - Huge Maroon World - Medium [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Sulfur [Deposits] Metal World - Medium Redux World - Medium [Category]

Output: Corrosive


Input: [Mineral] Chlorine [Deposits] Chlorine World - Heavy×2 Redux World - Medium [Category]

Output: Corrosive


Input: [Mineral] Argon [Deposits] Noble World - Light Opalescent World - Light [Category]

Output: Noble Gas


Input: [Mineral] Potassium [Deposits] Dust World - Light Fluorescent World - Light Vinylogous World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Calcium [Deposits] Selenic World - Medium Alkali World - Medium [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Scandium [Deposits] Ultraviolet World - Medium [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Titanium [Deposits] Plutonic - Light Vinylogous World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Vanadium [Deposits] Metal World - Medium Azure World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Chromium [Deposits] Cracked World - Huge [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Manganese [Deposits] Cracked World - Huge [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Iron [Deposits] Magnetic World - Heavy Metal World - Huge Magma World - Light Selenic World - Light Water World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Cobalt [Deposits] Ultramarine World - Medium [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Nickel [Deposits] Metal World - Heavy Magnetic World - Medium Magma World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Copper [Deposits] Copper World - Huge×2 Metal World - Heavy [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Zinc [Deposits] Magnetic World - Heavy Chlorine World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Gallium [Deposits] Chlorine World - Trace [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Germanium [Deposits] Xenolithic World - Trace [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Arsenic [Deposits] Opalescent World - Light Vinylogous World - Light [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Selenium [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Bromine [Deposits] Redux World - Medium Crimson World - Light Halide World - Medium×2 [Category]

Output: Corrosive


Input: [Mineral] Krypton [Deposits] Ultramarine World - Medium Noble World - Light [Category]

Output: Noble Gas


Input: [Mineral] Rubidium [Deposits] Primordial World - Medium [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Strontium [Deposits] Alkali World - Medium [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Yttrium [Deposits] Yttric World - Huge [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Zirconium [Deposits] Redux World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Niobium [Deposits] Magnetic World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Molybdenum [Deposits] Azure World - Light Water World - Trace [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Technetium [Deposits] Cracked World - Huge Fluorescent World - Huge [Category]

Output: Radioactive


Input: [Mineral] Ruthenium [Deposits] Telluric World - Medium [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Rhodium [Deposits] Maroon World - Medium [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Palladium [Deposits] Cracked World - Huge Oolite World - Huge Treasure World - Heavy [Category]

Output: Precious


Input: [Mineral] Silver [Deposits] Oolite World - Huge Treasure World - Heavy×2 Metal World - Medium [Category]

Output: Precious


Input: [Mineral] Cadmium [Deposits] Maroon World - Medium Purple World - Medium [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Indium [Deposits] Azure World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Tin [Deposits] Water World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Antimony [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Tellurium [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Iodine [Deposits] Iodine World - Heavy Halide World - Medium Redux World - Medium [Category]

Output: Corrosive


Input: [Mineral] Xenon [Deposits] Noble World - Light [Category]

Output: Noble Gas


Input: [Mineral] Cesium [Deposits] Maroon World - Medium Primordial World - Medium [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Barium [Deposits] Alkali World - Medium Primordial World - Medium Crimson World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Lanthanum [Deposits] Lanthanide World - Medium Plutonic World - Medium [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Cerium [Deposits] Lanthanide World - Medium Plutonic World - Medium [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Praseo-dymium [Deposits] Green World - Heavy Lanthanide World - Medium [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Neodymium [Deposits] Green World - Heavy Lanthanide World - Medium [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Promethium [Deposits] Lanthanide World - Medium [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Samarium [Deposits] Lanthanide World - Medium Opalescent World - Light [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Europium [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Gadolinium [Deposits] Lanthanide World - Medium Opalescent World - Light [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Terbium [Deposits] Lanthanide World - Medium [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Dyprosium [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Holmium [Deposits] Oolite World - Huge Ultramarine World - Medium [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Erbium [Deposits] Oolite World - Huge [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Thulium [Deposits] Oolite World - Huge [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Ytterbium [Deposits] Oolite World - Huge Yttric - Huge [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Lutetium [Deposits] Oolite World - Huge [Category]

Output: Rare Earth


Input: [Mineral] Hafnium [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Tantalum [Deposits] Hydrocarbon - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Tungsten [Deposits] Iodine World - Trace [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Rhenium [Deposits] Purple World - Medium Vinylogous World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Osmium [Deposits] Super-Dense World - Medium [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Iridium [Deposits] Cracked World - Huge Oolite World - Huge Treasure World - Heavy Telluric World - Medium [Category]

Output: Precious


Input: [Mineral] Platinum [Deposits] Treasure World - Heavy Xenolithic World - Light [Category]

Output: Precious


Input: [Mineral] Gold [Deposits] Auric World - Huge×3 Treasure World - Heavy Ultraviolet World - Huge [Category]

Output: Precious


Input: [Mineral] Mercury [Deposits] Infrared World - Heavy [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Thallium [Deposits] Telluric World - Medium [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Lead [Deposits] Super-Dense World - Medium Magma World - Light Water World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Bismuth [Deposits] Crimson World - Light Dust World - Light Hydrocarbon World - Light [Category]

Output: Base Metal


Input: [Mineral] Polonium [Deposits] Cracked World - Huge Ultraviolet World - Huge [Category]

Output: Radioactive


Input: [Mineral] Astatine [Deposits] Halide World - Medium Plutonic World - Medium Radioactive World - Medium [Category]

Output: Radioactive


Input: [Mineral] Radon [Deposits] Fluorescent World - Light Noble World - Light [Category]

Output: Noble Gas


Input: [Mineral] Francium [Deposits] Plutonic World - Medium Radioactive World - Medium [Category]

Output: Radioactive


Input: [Mineral] Radium [Deposits] Radioactive World - Medium [Category]

Output: Radioactive


Input: [Mineral] Actinium [Deposits] Rainbow World - Heavy Radioactive World - Medium [Category]

Output: Radioactive


Input: [Mineral] Thorium [Deposits] Rainbow World - Heavy Radioactive World - Medium [Category]

Output: Radioactive


Input: [Mineral] Protactinium [Deposits] Rainbow World - Heavy Radioactive World - Medium [Category]

Output: Radioactive


Input: [Mineral] Uranium [Deposits] Metal World - Heavy Water World - Trace [Category]

Output: Radioactive


Input: [Mineral] Neptunium [Deposits] Rainbow World - Heavy [Category]

Output: Radioactive


Input: [Mineral] Plutonium [Deposits] Rainbow World - Heavy [Category]

Output: Radioactive


Input: [Mineral] Ozone [Deposits] Rainbow World - Huge×2 [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Free Radicals [Deposits] Chondrite World - Heavy Organic World - Heavy [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Carbon Dioxide [Deposits] Organic World - Heavy [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Carbon Monoxide [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Ammonia [Deposits] Primordial World - Huge Cimmerian World - Medium Urea World - Light [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Methane [Deposits] Primordial World - Huge Cimmerian World - Medium [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Sulfuric Acid [Deposits] Acid World - Heavy [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Hydrochloric Acid [Deposits] Acid World - Heavy Chlorine World - Heavy×2 [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Hydrocyanic Acid [Deposits] Acid World - Heavy [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Formic Acid [Deposits] Acid World - Heavy [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Phosphoric Acid [Deposits] Acid World - Heavy [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Formaldehyde [Deposits] Organic World - Heavy Urea World - Medium [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Cyano-acetylene [Deposits] Cyanic World - Huge [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Methanol [Deposits] Chondrite World - Heavy Cimmerian World - Medium [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Ethanol [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Silicon Monoxide [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Titanium Oxide [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Zirconium Oxide [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Water [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Silicon Compounds [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Metal Oxides [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Quantum Black Holes [Category]

Output: Exotic


Input: [Mineral] Neutronium [Deposits] Ruby World - Medium [Category]

Output: Exotic


Input: [Mineral] Magnetic Monopoles [Deposits] Magnetic World - Trace [Category]

Output: Exotic


Input: [Mineral] Degenerate Matter [Deposits] Quasi-Degenerate World - Medium [Category]

Output: Exotic


Input: [Mineral] Super Fluids [Deposits] Sapphire World - Medium [Category]

Output: Exotic


Input: [Mineral] Aguuti Nodules [Deposits] Emerald World - Huge [Category]

Output: Exotic


Input: [Mineral] Iron Compounds [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Aluminum Compounds [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Nitrous Oxide [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Radioactives [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Hydro-carbons [Deposits] Hydrocarbon World - Huge [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Carbon Compounds [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Antimatter [Deposits] Emerald World - Medium [Category]

Output: Exotic


Input: [Mineral] Charon Dust [Category]

Output: Exotic


Input: [Mineral] Reisburg Helices [Deposits] Sapphire World - Huge [Category]

Output: Exotic


Input: [Mineral] Tzo Crystals [Deposits] Ruby World - Huge Pellucid World - Trace [Category]

Output: Exotic


Input: [Mineral] Calcium Compounds [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [Mineral] Nitric Acid [Deposits] Acid World - Heavy [Category]

Output: Common


Input: [1] SYMPTOMS [2] ILLNESSES [3] CAUSE [4] PREVENTION [5] PROGNOSIS [0]

Output: BODY PART


Input: [1] Incisor teeth (adult degus) do not have orange enamel but appear white or very pale yellow in colour. May be other symptoms. [2] Other [3] Nutritive deficiency- inadequate intake of essential vitamins such as vitamins A, C and D60 (particularly carotenoids and antioxidants) or minerals such as calcium60 and iron187 . Lack of fresh vegetable matter can affect the colour of the enamel60 . Other- Severe advanced illness can be linked with pale degu teeth, this is thought to be caused by a link between dietary carotenoids and immune system health. [4] Check your degu is eating all the food you give them and not just picking out the bits they like. Check the ingredients of the food for the vitamin and mineral content. If you're worried, ask your vet about giving your degu vitamin supplements. Always feed a variety of fresh vegetables weekly. To correct pale teeth it may be beneficial to give foods high in carotenoids such as red pepper, parsley, rosehips, carrot and beetroot, as well as veg high in iron such as broccoli, bok choi, peas and beetroot leaves. Check your degu regularly of signs of tooth whitening and any other signs of illness. [5] (Nutritive deficiency) REASONABLE (Other) POOR to FATAL [0]

Output: Teeth


Input: [1] Incisor teeth are orange apart from one which appears white. Degu may otherwise be asymptomatic. [3] Ameloblasts become damaged by trauma, infection60 or a tumor58 and can't produce enamel correctly. This means there is no enamel to form the orange colour on the damaged tooth. This condition may correct itself after a few months depending on the extent of the damage. [4] Remove all potential sources of mouth trauma from the degu's environment. Maintain good cage hygiene and check your degu's mouth regularly to prevent infection and spot any signs of tumors. [5] N/A [0]

Output: Teeth


Input: [1] Incisor teeth are long, growing into the soft tissue of the mouth, causing mouth ulcers and lacerations. Difficulty eating, painful mouth. [2] Incisor growth [3] Teeth are continuously growing, but are worn down when the degu gnaws and eats. This condition can occur if the degu is not wearing down their teeth properly or if an opposing incisor is missing. Incisor overgrowth can also occur if the molars are overgrown (see molar malocclusion). [4] Always provide wood or branches to gnaw on and a selection of dried food/treats sparingly. Check teeth regularly for growth/damage. Trim long teeth with clippers (this should be done by a VET). Bathe sore tissue with saline solution daily until healed. See details below for molar malocclusion. [5] GOOD [0]

Output: Teeth


Input: [1] Incisor/molar teeth don't meet or line up properly. Incisors look crooked and don't wear down uniformly, or are overgrown. Difficulty eating, may have a painful mouth. Food may drop out of the mouth, or the degu takes a long time to eat. May be excess salivation/dampness around the mouth. Weight loss over time. [2] Molar malocclusion (misalignment) [3] This condition is usually congenital, or a result of an incorrect diet (not eating enough fibrous matter) Occasionally degus can develop dental malocclusion as a result of mouth trauma such as a broken jaw56 . [4] A diet high in fibre is essential to help prevent molar overgrowth. Ensure degus forage on hay throughout the day and do not over-eat hard feed instead. Limit hard feed to the recommended 10 g portion daily per degu. Do not breed from degus with this condition56 . Check degu's teeth regularly and get your vet to trim any long teeth. Degus with dental malocclusion need their teeth trimmed regularly to allow them to eat properly. [5] REASONABLE [0]

Output: Teeth


Input: [1] Degu makes a grinding noise with their teeth. May accompany difficulty eating and a painful mouth. [2] Bruxism Molar laceration [3] The grinding noise is caused by the involuntary grinding of the molars (back teeth). This can be caused by the growth of the molars not being worn down properly. This can cause problems as the buccal surface may become sharp and lacerate the cheeks causing painful mouth sores. See molar malocclusion above. [4] Some degus occasionally grind their back teeth together. This is nothing to worry about. However, if the grinding accompanies difficulty eating or a painful mouth you should get a vet to check your degu's molar teeth and file them down. A degu that has this problem will need their teeth checked regularly. [5] GOOD [0]

Output: Teeth


Input: [1] Blocked nasal passages, pawing at the nose, nasal discharge, molar problems, difficulty eating and eventually mouth-breathing/bloating. [2] Elodontoma [3] This condition is not uncommon in degus, caused by tumour-like overgrowth of the molar tooth roots into the nasal passages. May be unsymptomatic until sinuses and nasal cavity are impacted. Typically congenital and may be associated with molar malocclusion (see above). Root elongation can also be caused by improper calcium:phosphorous dietary balance188 . [4] Do not breed from degus with a history of elodontoma or molar problems. Check the molars regularly and if necessary ask your vet to x-ray the skull to check molar roots. Check the calcium:phosphorous ratio of your degus' hard feed. [5] POOR to FATAL [0]

Output: Teeth


Input: [1] Broken teeth, missing teeth, tooth is loose or wobbly. May have difficulty eating. May have bleeding round the gum. [2] Tooth loss Dental fracture [3] Trauma to the mouth (such as if the degu falls from something) can break the teeth. Loose teeth may be caused by a fracture below the gum line and the tooth may fall out later. The degu could be prone to brittle teeth (congenital). There may be a nutritive deficiency affecting hardness of the teeth, particularly vitamin D60 and calcium60 , 56 . [4] Remove all potential sources of trauma from environment. If degu has repeated tooth fracture, ask your vet about supplementing their diet with vitamins. If fracture still occurs do not use the degu to breed from. Keep opposite tooth short by trimming while any missing teeth re-grow. If the root is damaged the tooth may not re-grow, so always check any shed teeth for signs of root. [5] GOOD [0]

Output: Teeth


Input: [1] Degu has a sore, painful mouth. Oozing from mouth. Loss of appetite/inability to eat, chew or groom properly. May have a smelly mouth. Excess salivation or dampness around mouth. [2] Bruxism Mouth ulcer Mouth infection [3] Bruxism/molar malocclusion- see teeth section above. Ulcers/infection- caused by poor oral hygiene, incorrect diet or infected laceration. May be a combination of this and molar laceration. [4] Check molar growth regularly. Maintain good cage/feed hygiene. Ensure your degu is able to eat enough and that they are eating enough hay throughout the day- restrict hard feed if necessary. [5] REASONABLE [0]

Output: Mouth


Input: [1] Degu is gasping, sucking air in through the mouth, reluctant to eat or take fluids. [2] Mouth breathing Elodontoma Sinus infection [3] Mouth breathing is the process by which degus attempt to suck in air through the mouth due to obstruction in the nasal passages. Air ends up in the stomach and trapped in the intestines, causing excessive bloating. Degus do not usually recover from this stage. [4] Monitor your degu's teeth regularly, if necessary ask your vet to x-ray the skull to monitor molar tooth roots (elodontoma). Maintain good cage hygiene to help prevent sinus infections. [5] POOR TO FATAL [0]

Output: Mouth


Input: [1] Degu has blood around their gums. Painful mouth. [2] Mouth trauma [3] Trauma to degu's mouth. See tooth loss section above. [4] Remove all potential sources of trauma from environment. Bathe any fresh wound in saline solution daily until healed. [5] GOOD [0]

Output: Mouth


Input: [1] Degu does not appear to be their usual self. Unresponsive, hunched up, fur ruffled, generally looks unwell. Often accompanies other symptoms of illness. [2] Lethargy [3] Lethargy nearly always accompanies another illness. Often it is the first indicator to you that your degu is unwell, but is normally shown in advanced or severe illness. Lethargy is the body's way of attempting to cope, by shutting down non-essential systems when the illness has overloaded the degus body. [4] Depends on the illness. Regularly check your degu for signs of disease and avoid letting conditions cause lethargy where possible. Don't handle a lethargic degu more than necessary and avoid stressing. [5] POOR [0]

Output: All


Input: [1] Extreme lethargy, degu appears dead. Feels very hot to the touch, ruffled fur. [2] Heatstroke [3] Degu's cage placed in a hot room/in direct sunlight. Water supply restricted, inadequate ventilation. [4] Never place cage in direct sunlight or a hot room. On hot days, move to a cooler part of the house and ensure adequate ventilation. Ensure constant supply of fresh water. A degu with heatstroke should be submerged in cool water (apart from head) for a few minutes56 to reduce temperature. Seek veterinary attention immediately. [5] POOR to FATAL [0]

Output: All


Input: [1] Excessive drinking. Large water bottle needs to be refilled approximately daily for one degu. [2] Diabetes Diet alteration Dehydration Kidney disease (Nephritis) [3] Diabetes- mostly congenital and often triggered by regular feeding of sugar-containing foods. Diet alteration- increases in the amount of protein a degu consumes can increase their drinking behaviour42 . Dehydration- degu is too hot and does not have access to enough drinking water. Nephritis- often occurs with age, cancer. Leads to kidney failure. [4] Do not breed from degus with a history of diabetes. Do not feed degus sugar-containing foods on a regular basis. Cut out all sugar from diabetic degu's diets. Avoid sudden diet changes and avoid feeding high-protein foods on a regular basis. Always provide good access to clean, fresh drinking water and do not place your degu's cage in a hot room. [5] (Diabetes) POOR (Diet alteration) GOOD (Dehydration) REASONABLE to FATAL (Nephritis) FATAL [0]

Output: All


Input: [1] Excessive urination [2] Diabetes Kidney disease (Nephritis) Incontinence [3] Diabetes- mostly congenital and often triggered by regular feeding of sugar-containing foods. Nephritis- often occurs with age, cancer. Leads to kidney failure. Incontinence- may be congenital and caused by a weak bladder, often age-related. Do not mistake any of these conditions for scent marking, which degus frequently perform by passing small amounts of urine in particular areas. [4] Do not breed from degus with a history of diabetes. Do not feed degus sugar containing foods on a regular basis. Cut out all sugar from diabetic degu's diets. Do not breed from degus with a history of incontinence. [5] (Diabetes) POOR (Nephritis) FATAL (Incontinence) GOOD [0]

Output: All


Input: [1] Lethargy, hunched up, ruffled fur. May appear straining to pass feces. Defecates less often. Droppings appear small, black and very hard. [2] Constipation [3] Caused by insufficient water intake, dehydration, general illness, intestinal parasites56 . [4] Do not allow degus to overheat, provide a constant supply of fresh drinking water. Maintain good cage hygiene and a good diet. [5] REASONABLE to POOR [0]

Output: All


Input: [1] Lethargy, soft/wet feces, dehydration, weight loss, hunched up, ruffled fur. [2] Diarrhea [3] General illness, intestinal parasites56 , gastrointestinal infection, liver failure, contaminated water supply. [4] Maintain good cage hygiene, change water on a regular basis, isolate sick degu from others. Seek veterinary attention immediately. [5] REASONABLE to POOR [0]

Output: All


Input: [1] Degu appears grossly overweight/fat, weighs a lot more than is normal, difficulty moving, lack of activity. [2] Obesity Hepatitis Diabetes [3] Obesity- overfeeding/unrestricted food supply. Feeding wrong diet. Also caused by other conditions such as hepatitis and diabetes24b . Hepatitis- decreased liver function, diet too high in protein and/or fat. Diabetes- mostly congenital and often triggered by regular feeding of sugar-containing foods. [4] Moderate the amount of food your degus are given to the recommended 10 g per degu per day, do not supply hard feed ad lib. Do not feed diets high in protein/fat (avoid diets containing nuts and seeds). Do not feed fatty or protein rich foods on a regular basis/in large amounts. Do not feed sugar containing foods on a regular basis. Do not breed from degus with a history of diabetes. Remember that if your degu is female and has gained weight quickly, she could be pregnant. Maintain good activity/exercise levels by providing a solid running wheel and daily free time out of the cage. [5] POOR to FATAL [0]

Output: All


Input: [1] Degu appears very thin/skeletal, bones prominent, may be lethargic, weighs much less than is normal. [2] Anorexia [3] Various illnesses including internal parasites, hormonal imbalance, molar/teeth problems and appetite loss. Also caused by inadequate diet and/or vitamin C defficiency63 . [4] Check your degus regularly for signs of disease. An anorexic degu should be fed more than usual in order to encourage weight gain, and the diet should be checked for vitamin C content and changed if necessary. Always ask your vet to check the molars to be sure there is no underlying teeth problem. [5] POOR [0]

Output: All


Input: [1] Lack of coordination, degu frequently bumps into objects, falls over, is unable to right itself, doesn't walk in a straight line. [2] Stroke Inner ear infection [3] Cataracts- brought on by diabetes24b , is also congenital or a combination of both. Caused by sorbitol build up and/or structural deformity. Stroke- caused by cerebral haematoma (vessel rupture) or embolisation (particles blocking cerebral blood supply). Usually factor of old age or obesity, occasionally neurological trauma at any age or congenital defect in young degus. Infection- poor cage hygiene, foreign body inside ear, laceration in ear. [4] Do not allow degus to develop diabetes. Do not breed from degus with a history of cataracts or stroke at a young age. Avoid feeding foods containing sugar, fat or protein in large amounts or on a regular basis. Do not prolong unnecessary suffering of a degu that has suffered a severe stroke. Maintain good cage hygiene. [5] (Cataracts) REASONABLE (Stroke) FATAL (Infection) GOOD to REASONABLE [0]

Output: All


Input: [1] Degu has difficulty moving, appears very stiff, may be in pain, avoids moving or moves very slowly. [2] Arthritis [3] Old age and general joint degeneration. Can be a congenital problem if developed at a young age. [4] Do not breed from degus with a history of early onset arthritis. [5] POOR [0]

Output: All


Input: [1] Symptoms are unclear, general lethargy, loss of appetite and unresponsiveness. Rapid weight loss. May vary depending on location. [2] Cancer Hepatoma Carcinoma [3] Old age, contact with carcinogens. May have a congenital element. A variety of carcinomas and metastases have been identified in the degu118 . [4] None in advanced stages of illness (usually when symptoms detectable). Do not breed from a degu with a history of cancer. [5] FATAL [0]

Output: All


Input: [1] Sudden death of female degu during late pregnancy. [2] Pregnancy toxaemia [3] Exact cause not currently known, but often occurs in female degus with cataracts36 . [4] Never breed from a female degu with cataracts. [5] FATAL [0]

Output: All


Input: [1] Distended stomach, bloating, lethargy. Degu appears fatter than normal, may show pain response when picked up. [2] Gastrointestinal bloating Pregnancy [3] Bloating- unsanitary living conditions, stress, feeding too much green vegetable matter. May also be caused by protozoal parasite infection56 . Bloating develops secondary to mouth-breathing (see mouth section above). Pregnancy- contact with male degus. [4] Maintain good cage hygiene, avoid unnecessary stress, feed fresh greens in small amounts twice a week. Isolate infected degus. Avoid handling bloated degus, if lethargic seek veterinary attention immediately. [5] GOOD to POOR [0]

Output: Digestive Tract


Input: [1] Degu is not eating, not interested in food. May be lethargic. [2] Loss of appetite [3] Various reasons. If degu is otherwise asymptomatic, cause could be mouth trouble such as infection or bruxism (see mouth section), or bad food. [4] Maintain good cage/feed hygiene. Check your degus teeth regularly for broken/loose teeth or signs of infection, ulcers and molar growth. Discard feed that has a musty smell or has been stored in the open/in a damp environment. Monitor degu that is not eating for other potential symptoms. [5] N/A (variable) [0]

Output: Digestive Tract


Input: [1] Ear scratching more frequent than normal. Continual head-shaking. Loss of balance. Avoids having ear touched. [2] Inner ear infection Parasitic ear mites [3] Infection- poor cage hygiene, foreign body or laceration inside ear. Mites- contamination from other degus, transmitted from infected hay. [4] Maintain good cage hygiene. Quarantine new degus and isolate infected degus. Treat hay that is brought from an open bale before feeding. [5] GOOD to REASONABLE [0]

Output: Ears


Input: [1] Eyes appear cloudy, seem to have cotton-wool like substance over lens. Spots appear bilateral and cortical36 and vary from small areas to completely covering the lens36 . Degu has difficulty with vision, or discoordination. [3] Brought on by diabetes24b , is also congenital or a combination of both. Caused by sorbitol build up and/or structural deformity in the lens. [4] Do not allow degus to develop diabetes. Do not breed from degus with a history of cataracts, particularly females as sudden death can occur in late pregnancy36 (see pregancy toxaemia). Avoid feeding foods containing sugar but feeding veg containing antioxidants may be beneficial111 . [5] REASONABLE [0]

Output: Eyes


Input: [1] Eye(s) appear to have a red spot in the centre. Vision and/or coordination may be affected. [3] Caused by severe/sudden trauma to the head. Redness due to rupture of blood vessels inside the eye. [4] Remove all potential sources of danger from environment. [5] REASONABLE [0]

Output: Eyes


Input: [1] Eye(s) appear closed, swollen. Discharge from/around eye, weeping eye. Frequent washing/rubbing of eye. [2] Eye infection Corneal irritation Sinus infection [3] Injury to eye, foreign body in eye/scratched eye, or infection of the sinus/lacrymal ducts. Poor cage hygiene. [4] Maintain good cage hygiene and remove all sharp corners/points from environment. Bathe sticky eyes in warm water only (boil water first to sterilise and allow to cool) and cotton bud twice daily, treat with antibiotics where necessary. It may be beneficial to place the degu in dark room56 . Do not stress. [5] GOOD to REASONABLE [0]

Output: Eyes


Input: [1] Degu limping, holding one foot up when walking, painful to touch leg, less mobile than usual. [2] Lameness [3] Various trauma to legs including dangerous wheels, falls, sprains and strains during exercise, broken bones. [4] Never use a wire frame/open spoke wheel. Remove all other potential hazards from cage. Restrict activity of a lame degu and avoid handling. Broken bones will often heal themselves with cage rest (see fractures section). [5] GOOD to REASONABLE [0]

Output: Limbs


Input: [1] Sore feet, ulcertation on soles, lameness, not moving around as much as normal or irregular movement. [2] Pododermatitis (Bumblefoot) [3] Repeated abrasion of the soles of the feet and/or standing on high-pressure surfaces (e.g. mesh) for long periods. This condition is usually caused by degus walking on exposed wire mesh floors of cages over long periods of time. Can be aggravated by poor cage hygiene and possible link with diabetes. [4] Cover all exposed mesh surfaces with lino or something similar. Be sure to use a solid based cage. Maintain good cage hygiene. Treat sore feet with saline solution to prevent infection. It may also be beneficial to rub affected areas (unbroken skin only) with evening primrose oil or sunflower oil86 . [5] GOOD [0]

Output: Limbs


Input: [1] Degu is not walking correctly, may avoid using certain areas of foot. Limping, getting caught on fabric/carpets, or possibly accidentally scratching other degus. [2] Nail growth [3] Lack of rough surfaces to wear nails down. Rear nails often grow more rapidly and wild degus encourage nail wear through digging. [4] Where possible, provide sandy substrate for degus to dig in or run on. Long nails can be worn down by placing a small square of fine sandpaper in the running wheel for a few days- remove after this to avoid sore feet. [5] GOOD [0]

Output: Limbs


Input: [1] Bleeding from/around nail. Toe may be swollen and infected. Avoidance of weight-bearing on affected foot, limping. Avoids having area touched. Nail(s) missing. [2] Torn nail Infected nail [3] Trauma to nail, may become infected through poor cage hygiene. Long nails may become torn if caught on fabric/carpet. [4] Remove all potential sources of damage from environment. Maintain good cage hygiene. Bathe affected toe daily in saline solution until healed. [5] GOOD [0]

Output: Limbs