Input: [1] Parsley [2] Petroselinum crispum [0]

Attracting beneficial insects | EcoCircles


Input: [0] 1 [Purpose and Goal] To determine whether there is an obvious imperfection in the needle or whether there is a large piece of particulate blocking the tip. [Action]

Output: Adjust focus to view the length of the needle tip.

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian... | Protocol


Input: [0] 2 [Purpose and Goal] If fluid is exiting the tip it should agitate the particle without it coming into direct contact with the needle. [Action]

Output: Place the needle tip beside a floating piece of particulate in the dish.

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian... | Protocol


Input: [0] 3 [Purpose and Goal] This temporary increase in pressure should clear any obstruction at the tip. After releasing the plunger, it should rise on its own accord; if it does not, this means pressure is not being built-up in the syringe and you need to tighten the connections and/or add additional vacuum grease. [Action]

Output: Depress the plunger to the very end of the syringe

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian... | Protocol


Input: [0] 4 [Purpose and Goal] The force of drawing the needle out of the aqueous media can help dislodge obstructions at the tip of the needle. [Action]

Output: Raise the needle out of the cell media

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian... | Protocol


Input: [0] 5 [Purpose and Goal] This additional increase in pressure may be required to clear the tip of the needle. [Action]

Output: Remove the plunger from the syringe entirely and reinsert it.

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian... | Protocol


Input: [0] 6 [Purpose and Goal] This further agitates the particulate within the needle and helps reposition it to relieve the obstruction at the tip. Stronger scratching may chip off the end of the tip, enabling the obstruction to exit the needle. [Action]

Output: Scratch the needle tip on a clean portion of the coverslip

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian... | Protocol


Input: [0] 7 [Action]

Output: Load a new needle

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian... | Protocol


Input: [Effector] Smooth muscles in peripheral arterioles in the skin. [Response to high temperature] Muscles relax causing vasodilation. More heat is carried from the core to the surface, where it is lost by convection and radiation. Skin turns red. [Response to low temperature]

Output: Muscles contract causing vasoconstriction. Less heat is carried from the core to the surface of the body, maintaining core temperature. Extremities can turn blue and feel cold and can even be damaged (frostbite).


Input: [Effector] Sweat glands [Response to high temperature] Glands secrete sweat onto surface of skin, where it evaporates. This is an endothermic process and water has a high latent heat of evaporation, so it takes heat from the body. [Response to low temperature]

Output: No sweat produced.


Input: [Effector] Erector pili muscles in skin (attached to skin hairs) [Response to high temperature] Muscles relax, lowering the skin hairs and allowing air to circulate over the skin, encouraging convection and evaporation. [Response to low temperature]

Output: Muscles contract, raising skin hairs and trapping an insulating layer of still, warm air next to the skin. Not very effective in humans, just causing “goosebumps”.


Input: [Effector] Skeletal muscles [Response to high temperature] No shivering. [Response to low temperature]

Output: Muscles contract and relax repeatedly, generating heat by friction and from metabolic reactions.


Input: [Effector] Adrenal and thyroid glands [Response to high temperature] Glands stop releasing adrenaline and thyroxine. [Response to low temperature]

Output: Glands secrete adrenaline and thyroxine respectively, which increase the metabolic rate in different tissues, especially the liver, so generating heat.


Input: [Effector] Behaviour [Response to high temperature] Stretching out, finding shade, swimming, removing clothes. [Response to low temperature]

Output: Curling up, huddling, finding shelter, putting on more clothes.


Input: [Name of bacterium] Bacillus cereus [Risky foods] cooked rice and pasta; meat products; vegetables [Time to develop] 1–5 hours [Symptoms] nausea, sickness and diarrhoea [Original source]

Output: soil

Microbiology Online | Society for General Microbiology | About Microbiology - Microbes and food - Food poisoning


Input: [Name of bacterium] Campylobacter jejuni [Risky foods] undercooked meat and poultry; raw milk and cross-contaminated food [Time to develop] 3–5 days of eating infected food [Symptoms] fever, severe pain and diarrhoea [Original source]

Output: raw meat and poultry

Microbiology Online | Society for General Microbiology | About Microbiology - Microbes and food - Food poisoning


Input: [Name of bacterium] Clostridium botulinum (very rare) [Risky foods] faulty processed canned meat and vegetables; cured meat and raw fish [Time to develop] 1–7 days [Symptoms] affects vision, causes paralysis and can be fatal [Original source]

Output: soil

Microbiology Online | Society for General Microbiology | About Microbiology - Microbes and food - Food poisoning


Input: [Name of bacterium] Clostridium perfringens [Risky foods] large joints of meat; reheated gravies [Time to develop] 8-24 hours [Symptoms] nausea, pain and diarrhoea [Original source]

Output: the environment

Microbiology Online | Society for General Microbiology | About Microbiology - Microbes and food - Food poisoning


Input: [Name of bacterium] Escherichia coli E. coli O157:H7 is a very nasty strain it can be fatal [Risky foods] contaminated water, milk, inadequately cooked meat, cross-contaminated foods [Time to develop] 3-4 days [Symptoms] inflammation, sickness and diarrhoea [Original source]

Output: the gut of all humans and animals

Microbiology Online | Society for General Microbiology | About Microbiology - Microbes and food - Food poisoning


Input: [Name of bacterium] Listeria monocytogenes [Risky foods] soft cheeses, paté, pre-packed salad; cook-chill products [Time to develop] varies [Symptoms] fever, headache, septicaemia and meningitis [Original source]

Output: everywhere

Microbiology Online | Society for General Microbiology | About Microbiology - Microbes and food - Food poisoning


Input: [Name of bacterium] Salmonella [Risky foods] poultry, eggs and raw egg products, vegetables [Time to develop] 6-48 hours [Symptoms] diarrhoea, sickness and headaches [Original source]

Output: gut of birds and mammals including humans - spread by faeces into water and food

Microbiology Online | Society for General Microbiology | About Microbiology - Microbes and food - Food poisoning


Input: [Name of bacterium] Staphylococcus aureus [Risky foods] cured meat; milk products; unrefrigerated, handled foods [Time to develop] 2-6 hours [Symptoms] sickness, pain and sometimes diarrhoea [Original source]

Output: the skin and noses of animals and humans

Microbiology Online | Society for General Microbiology | About Microbiology - Microbes and food - Food poisoning


Input: [1] Asymptomatic (Category 1a) [2] Asymptomatic (Category 1b) [3] Mild Symptoms (Category 2) [4] Moderate to Severe (Category 3) [5] Severe, Recurrent Heart Failure (class 4) [0]

Output: Category

The District of Columbia Academy of Veterinary Medicine


Input: [1] No clinical signs [2] No clinical signs [3] Occasional cough [4] Persistent cough with exercise intolerance [5] 1) unable to stabilize with routine therapy (see Category 3) 2) previously controlled signs with acute exacerbation [0]

Output: Clinical Presenation

The District of Columbia Academy of Veterinary Medicine


Input: [1] systolic murmur; PMI left apex (mitral valve area) [2] systolic murmur;PMI left apex (mitral valve area) [3] systolic murmur;PMI left apex (mitral valve area), may detect pulmonary crackles [4] systolic murmur; PMI left apex (mitral valve area) pulmonary crackles common; tachycardia, possibly with a demonstrable arrhythmia(pulse deficits) [5] systolic murmur; PMI left apex (mitral valve area); focal or diffuse pulmonary crackles [0]

Output: Physical Examination

The District of Columbia Academy of Veterinary Medicine


Input: [1] Normal Cardiac size; no evidence of CHF [2] Mild to moderate cardiac enlargement especially LA and LV enlargement [3] demonstrable left atrial and ventricular enlargement [4] left atrial and ventricular enlargement; diffuse or perihilar pulmonary infiltrates, pulmonary venous enlargement [5] Marked left atrial and left ventricular enlargement, or generalized cardiomegaly pulmonary venous distension, diffuse or perihilar pulmonary parenchymal infiltrates [0]

Output: Thoracic Radiography

The District of Columbia Academy of Veterinary Medicine


Input: [1] Normal [2] Normal; may show evidence of LA or LV enlargement [3] Normal; may show evidence of LA or LV enlargement ? APC=s [4] Normal; may show evidence of LA or LV enlargement arrhythmia,s including APC=s and fibrillation are common, V tach much less common [5] Normal; may show evidence of LA or LV enlargement; arrhythmias including APC=s and fibrillation are common, V tach much less common but may be seen [0]

Output: Electrocardio- gram

The District of Columbia Academy of Veterinary Medicine


Input: [1] Thickened MV; normal LA, LV size and LV function [2] Thickened MV Mild LA and LV enlargement, Normal LV systolic function [3] Thickened MV, Mild to moderate LA and LV enlargement, normal systolic function [4] Thickened MV, Marked left atrial and left ventricular enlargement, LV systolic function may be normal or impaired [5] Thickened MV, Marked left atrial and left ventricular enlargement, LV systolic function commonly impaired, ruptured chordae tendinea or LA rupture w/ pericardial effusion may be noted [0]

Output: Echocardio- graphy

The District of Columbia Academy of Veterinary Medicine


Input: [1] None Indicated [2] Monotherapy might include ACE inhibitors or a ?-blocker. There is little objective data to support intervention of any kind at this point in the disease [3] ACE inhibitors. Moderate dietary sodium restriction, diuretics (furosemide/ spironolactone) to control edema if present, ? digitalis [4] ACE inhibitors. Moderate dietary sodium restriction , diuretics (furosemide/ spironolactone) to control edema, digitalis; antiarrhythmics as indicated cough suppresents and/or bronchodilators may be indicated [5] Therapy is typically in addition to the therapy used in category III. Control of heart failure may require additional diuretics (thiazide/ spironolactone) and/or vasodilators (hydralazine), ? blockers or calcium channel blockers may be needed to control arrhythmias. [0]

Output: Therapy

The District of Columbia Academy of Veterinary Medicine


Input: [Good Aspects of Competitor] Plastic backing in lieu of steel backing to decrease weight, thinner pipe walls decrease materials [Room for Improvement] Consider environmental impact of foam, increase use of recycled and recyclable materials [DFE Guidelines]

Output: New Concept Development


Input: [Room for Improvement] Replace steel with recycled aluminum, find a replacement for foam insert [DFE Guidelines]

Output: Low Impact Materials


Input: [Good Aspects of Competitor] Thin plastic backing, thin pipe-walls [Room for Improvement] Consider cutouts for seat back, possibly thinning walls and decreasing pipe diameter further [DFE Guidelines]

Output: Reduce Material


Input: [Good Aspects of Competitor] Appears that there is minimal waste material [Room for Improvement] Consider bending the bottoms of legs instead of welding a crossbeam [DFE Guidelines]

Output: Eco-Manufacturing


Input: [Good Aspects of Competitor] The product nests well and has minimal packaging [Room for Improvement] Further research can be done on component manufacturing and transportation [DFE Guidelines]

Output: Optimize Distribution


Input: [Good Aspects of Competitor] The product is made of strong and durable materials [Room for Improvement] Foam usually breaks down first and it is not easy to repair [DFE Guidelines]

Output: Maximize First Life


Input: [Room for Improvement] Could redesign for modularity and disassembly, also use more recyclable materials [DFE Guidelines]

Output: End of Life


Input: [Fucoxanthin] Razberi-K

Output: Razberi-K, also known as 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) butan-2-one, is a ketone unique to raspberries. Raspberries contain many bioactive constituents beneficial for health. One particular constituent appears to have the potential to support body fat reduction. In a recent study (Morimoto et al, 2005), test subjects were fed a high fat diet to induce obesity while treated groups were also fed an additional 1 or 2% raspberry ketone. The treated groups gained less body fat than the control groups.

Fucoxanthin - obtained from Japanese Wakame seaweed. It's thought to be one of the first types of marine vegetation originating on the planet over one billion years ago. Some scientific studies suggest that a pigment in this seaweed found in the form of a carotenoid called Fucoxanthin, may hold answers to targeting and reducing abdominal fat. It has thermogenic properties that can help increase the body's metabolic rate. It may support healthy liver function, an important factor in weight management since the liver promotes the efficient utilization of fat and facilitates the removal of cholesterol by-products from the bloodstream. According to Kazuo Miyashita, leader of the study funded by the Japanese government: "Since the abdominal area contains abundant adipose tissue, the compound might be effective at shrinking oversized guts."


Input: [Fucoxanthin] Guggul EZ 100

Output: Guggul is a plant resin extract found in India that contains properties similar to niacin and fish oils. It supports and cleans the circulatory system. Some have described guggul lipid as the most powerful cholesterol-lowering herb known. Guggulsterones have been shown in studies to maintain normal blood lipid levels, support a fine skin texture by decreasing the appearance of blemishes, and optimize thyroid gland function (thus supporting ideal fat loss and body weight). Optimizes basal metabolic rate, decreases number and size of skin blemishes, positive effects on blood lipids, increases fat loss and optimizes thyroid gland function.

Fucoxanthin - obtained from Japanese Wakame seaweed. It's thought to be one of the first types of marine vegetation originating on the planet over one billion years ago. Some scientific studies suggest that a pigment in this seaweed found in the form of a carotenoid called Fucoxanthin, may hold answers to targeting and reducing abdominal fat. It has thermogenic properties that can help increase the body's metabolic rate. It may support healthy liver function, an important factor in weight management since the liver promotes the efficient utilization of fat and facilitates the removal of cholesterol by-products from the bloodstream. According to Kazuo Miyashita, leader of the study funded by the Japanese government: "Since the abdominal area contains abundant adipose tissue, the compound might be effective at shrinking oversized guts."


Input: [Fucoxanthin] Thermodiamine

Output: Thermodiamine, otherwise known as Evodiamine, is isolated from the unripe fruit of Evodia Rutaecarpa. In a recent study, (Kobayashi Y et al, 2001) when evodiamine was supplemented at 0.02% in the form of ethanol extract of Evodia fruits in a high-fat diet for 21 days, the body weight, perirenal fat weight and epididymal fat weight were found to be significantly reduced compared to the control group. The treated groups on a high fat diet gained significantly less body fat than the control groups. Thermodiamine appears to support an increase in lipolytic (fat burning) activity through several mechanisms. Similar to the action of cayenne pepper, evodiamine appears to effect receptors known as vanilloids. These receptors are involved in the regulation of body temperature. However, it does so without the common side effects of burning and indigestion. Secondly, evodiamine may support an increased output of catecholamines. Since catecholamines are intimately involved in fat loss, evodiamine assists in supporting healthy fat oxidizing pathways. Studies suggest evodiamine may support an increase in peripheral heat loss. This result indicates an increase in energy expenditure.

Fucoxanthin - obtained from Japanese Wakame seaweed. It's thought to be one of the first types of marine vegetation originating on the planet over one billion years ago. Some scientific studies suggest that a pigment in this seaweed found in the form of a carotenoid called Fucoxanthin, may hold answers to targeting and reducing abdominal fat. It has thermogenic properties that can help increase the body's metabolic rate. It may support healthy liver function, an important factor in weight management since the liver promotes the efficient utilization of fat and facilitates the removal of cholesterol by-products from the bloodstream. According to Kazuo Miyashita, leader of the study funded by the Japanese government: "Since the abdominal area contains abundant adipose tissue, the compound might be effective at shrinking oversized guts."


Input: [Fucoxanthin] Coleus forskohlii

Output: Coleus forskohlii is part of the mint family of plants and has long been used in India, Thailand and parts of SE Asia as a spice as well as an ingredient in various medicine concoctions for the treatment of heart ailments and stomach cramps. The roots of the plant are a natural source of a compound that can increase cellular levels of metabolism. As recorded in ancient Sanskrit texts, coleus has been used as a medical herb to treat heart and lung diseases, intestinal spasms, insomnia, and convulsions. Stimulation that is caused by forskolin supposedly leads to blood vessel dilation, inhibition of allergic reactions, and possibly an increased secretion of thyroid hormone. Forskolin has other reported uses as well, including inhibition of the spread of cancer cells. It has been reported that forskolin may also assist in dilating blood vessels and improving the forcefulness with which the heart pumps blood. One study did find evidence that inhaling forskolin could decrease lung spasms for people with asthma.

Fucoxanthin - obtained from Japanese Wakame seaweed. It's thought to be one of the first types of marine vegetation originating on the planet over one billion years ago. Some scientific studies suggest that a pigment in this seaweed found in the form of a carotenoid called Fucoxanthin, may hold answers to targeting and reducing abdominal fat. It has thermogenic properties that can help increase the body's metabolic rate. It may support healthy liver function, an important factor in weight management since the liver promotes the efficient utilization of fat and facilitates the removal of cholesterol by-products from the bloodstream. According to Kazuo Miyashita, leader of the study funded by the Japanese government: "Since the abdominal area contains abundant adipose tissue, the compound might be effective at shrinking oversized guts."


Input: [Fucoxanthin] Lipolide-SC

Output: Lipolide-SC (formerly known as Sclareolide) is found in the plant Salvia Sclarea or Clary Sage. The Romans called it sclarea, from claurus, or �clear,� because they used it as an eyewash. The practice of German merchants of adding clary and elder flowers to Rhine wine to make it imitate a good Muscatel was so common that Germans still call the herb Muskateller Salbei ... and the English know it as Muscatel Sage. The plant has a variety of traditional uses including supporting proper immune health. It is generally recognized as a natural seasoning/flavoring and as plant extract/essential oil. Lipolide-SC supports an increase in the rate of lipolysis (fat burning) activity. Specific to weight loss, it binds to the regulatory subunit of protein kinase. Once bound, protein kinase eventually generates a chemical that reduces triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol -- ultimately stimulating the release of fatty acids from the body's adipose stores. It can help the body produce more energy through the breakdown of fat stores and thermogenesis. The plant can be a valuable remedy for complaints associated with menopause, particularly hot flashes.

Fucoxanthin - obtained from Japanese Wakame seaweed. It's thought to be one of the first types of marine vegetation originating on the planet over one billion years ago. Some scientific studies suggest that a pigment in this seaweed found in the form of a carotenoid called Fucoxanthin, may hold answers to targeting and reducing abdominal fat. It has thermogenic properties that can help increase the body's metabolic rate. It may support healthy liver function, an important factor in weight management since the liver promotes the efficient utilization of fat and facilitates the removal of cholesterol by-products from the bloodstream. According to Kazuo Miyashita, leader of the study funded by the Japanese government: "Since the abdominal area contains abundant adipose tissue, the compound might be effective at shrinking oversized guts."


Input: [Fucoxanthin] DiCaffeine Malate

Output: Originally used by Coca Cola as an alternative to cocaine, DiCaffeine Malate is a stimulant-based ingredient used in colas and dietary supplements. DiCaffeine Malate claims to be more effective and easier to stomach than caffeine. DiCaffeine Malate is a combination of natural caffeine and Malic Acid. These ingredients are ionically bonded into a compound that claims to optimize energy, stimulate thermogenesis, and increase mental focus. Many clinical studies validate caffeine as a stimulant-based agent for boosting energy and helping with weight loss. Combine with the Malate Acid, DiCaffeine Malate is a good alternative to natural caffeine because it enhances its effects as well as alleviates some of its natural side effects. While DiCaffeine Malate is gentler on the stomach, it still has similar side effects to that of natural caffeine. It may cause jitters, insomnia, headaches, increased heart rate and blood pressure. DiCaffeine Malate is a common ingredient in many energy drinks, soft drinks, and dietary capsules.

Fucoxanthin - obtained from Japanese Wakame seaweed. It's thought to be one of the first types of marine vegetation originating on the planet over one billion years ago. Some scientific studies suggest that a pigment in this seaweed found in the form of a carotenoid called Fucoxanthin, may hold answers to targeting and reducing abdominal fat. It has thermogenic properties that can help increase the body's metabolic rate. It may support healthy liver function, an important factor in weight management since the liver promotes the efficient utilization of fat and facilitates the removal of cholesterol by-products from the bloodstream. According to Kazuo Miyashita, leader of the study funded by the Japanese government: "Since the abdominal area contains abundant adipose tissue, the compound might be effective at shrinking oversized guts."


Input: [Fucoxanthin] Bioperine

Output: Bioperene is a nutrient derived from the fruits of black pepper. It enhances the body's ability to absorb other nutrients, and also encourages thermogenesis. Thermogenesis is the process the body goes through to keep itself at the ideal temperature. By encouraging thermogenesis you are burning extra calories without ever having to move a muscle. Thermogenesis has openly been recognised as an important factor in any weight loss regimen. Bioperene increases the bioavailability of other nutrients in the body. Bioperine has been shown to increase digestion and the absorption of nutrients, by exerting its effects directly on the intestinal wall, causing it to become more permeable. Often used with fat loss products or meal/protein supplements to ensure a higher percentage of nutrients get through. In itself this substance does not cause fat loss or weight gain, rather the main effect of Bioperine is to enhance the bioavailability of various nutrients consumed along with it.

Fucoxanthin - obtained from Japanese Wakame seaweed. It's thought to be one of the first types of marine vegetation originating on the planet over one billion years ago. Some scientific studies suggest that a pigment in this seaweed found in the form of a carotenoid called Fucoxanthin, may hold answers to targeting and reducing abdominal fat. It has thermogenic properties that can help increase the body's metabolic rate. It may support healthy liver function, an important factor in weight management since the liver promotes the efficient utilization of fat and facilitates the removal of cholesterol by-products from the bloodstream. According to Kazuo Miyashita, leader of the study funded by the Japanese government: "Since the abdominal area contains abundant adipose tissue, the compound might be effective at shrinking oversized guts."


Input: Helps extend gear and bearing life in enclosed gear drives operating under extreme conditions of load, speed and temperature helps reduce unplanned downtime; less maintenance - especially critical for difficult to access gearboxes. [Features]

Output: Superb protection from micropitting fatigue wear as well as high resistance to traditional scuffing wear

Gear Oil and Lubricant - Mobil SHC™ Gear Series | Mobil™ Industrial Lubricants


Input: Helps extend oil life and drain intervals and reduce oil consumption, which can lower maintenance costs [Features]

Output: Excellent resistance to degradation at high temperatures

Gear Oil and Lubricant - Mobil SHC™ Gear Series | Mobil™ Industrial Lubricants


Input: Helps reduce energy consumption and lower operating temperatures [Features]

Output: Low traction

Gear Oil and Lubricant - Mobil SHC™ Gear Series | Mobil™ Industrial Lubricants


Input: Ability to operate at both high and low temperatures: especially critical in remote applications with no oil cooling or heating [Features]

Output: High viscosity index equating to reduced viscosity change with temperature

Gear Oil and Lubricant - Mobil SHC™ Gear Series | Mobil™ Industrial Lubricants


Input: Helps to ensure smooth, trouble-free operation at high temperatures or in applications subject to water contamination Excellent compatibility with a variety of soft metals [Features]

Output: Excellent resistance to rust and corrosion and very good demulsibility

Gear Oil and Lubricant - Mobil SHC™ Gear Series | Mobil™ Industrial Lubricants


Input: Helps extend gear and bearing life [Features]

Output: Excellent shear stability

Gear Oil and Lubricant - Mobil SHC™ Gear Series | Mobil™ Industrial Lubricants


Input: Fewer filter changes; which can help reduce maintenance costs [Features]

Output: Resistence to filter plugging, even in the presence of water

Gear Oil and Lubricant - Mobil SHC™ Gear Series | Mobil™ Industrial Lubricants


Input: Less contamination and lower potential for oil leakage [Features]

Output: Excellent seal compatibility

Gear Oil and Lubricant - Mobil SHC™ Gear Series | Mobil™ Industrial Lubricants


Input: Easy changeover from many mineral products [Features]

Output: Excellent compatibility with common gearbox materials and with mineral-based gear oils

Gear Oil and Lubricant - Mobil SHC™ Gear Series | Mobil™ Industrial Lubricants


Input: [0] Water Softeners [Water Conditioner?] Yes [But is it a Water Softener?]

Output: Yes

Water Softeners | Water Filters|Drinking Water Systems from Rayne


Input: [0] Reverse Osmosis/Water Purifier [Water Conditioner?] Yes [But is it a Water Softener?]

Output: Yes

Water Softeners | Water Filters|Drinking Water Systems from Rayne


Input: [0] Carbon Filtration [Water Conditioner?] Yes [But is it a Water Softener?]

Output: No

Water Softeners | Water Filters|Drinking Water Systems from Rayne


Input: [0] Magnets [Water Conditioner?] Yes [But is it a Water Softener?]

Output: No

Water Softeners | Water Filters|Drinking Water Systems from Rayne


Input: [0] Electronic wave technology [Water Conditioner?] Yes [But is it a Water Softener?]

Output: No

Water Softeners | Water Filters|Drinking Water Systems from Rayne


Input: [0] Ceramic media [Water Conditioner?] Yes [But is it a Water Softener?]

Output: No

Water Softeners | Water Filters|Drinking Water Systems from Rayne


Input: [0] And a host of others [Water Conditioner?] Yes [But is it a Water Softener?]

Output: No

Water Softeners | Water Filters|Drinking Water Systems from Rayne


Input: [Traction Control] Door Map Pockets [Tinted Windows] Telescoping Steering Wheel [Cup Holder]

Output: Map lights

New Glasgow, 2012 Chevrolet Sonic - Herald Wheels | The Chronicle Herald

Options


Input: [Traction Control] Tachometer [Tinted Windows] Front Wheel Drive [Cup Holder]

Output: Keyless Entry

New Glasgow, 2012 Chevrolet Sonic - Herald Wheels | The Chronicle Herald

Options


Input: [Traction Control] Intermittent Wipers [Tinted Windows] Electronic Compass [Cup Holder]

Output: Power Locks

New Glasgow, 2012 Chevrolet Sonic - Herald Wheels | The Chronicle Herald

Options


Input: [Traction Control] Power Brakes [Tinted Windows] Digital Clock [Cup Holder]

Output: Dual Airbag

New Glasgow, 2012 Chevrolet Sonic - Herald Wheels | The Chronicle Herald

Options


Input: [Traction Control] OnStar [Tinted Windows] Tilt Steering [Cup Holder]

Output: Bucket Seats

New Glasgow, 2012 Chevrolet Sonic - Herald Wheels | The Chronicle Herald

Options


Input: [Traction Control] Trip Odometer [Tinted Windows] Auto On/Off Headlamps [Cup Holder]

Output: Power Steering

New Glasgow, 2012 Chevrolet Sonic - Herald Wheels | The Chronicle Herald

Options


Input: [Traction Control] Rear Defroster [Cup Holder]

Output: Security System

New Glasgow, 2012 Chevrolet Sonic - Herald Wheels | The Chronicle Herald

Options


Input: [Disease] Alzheimer's [# Affected (worldwide)] 18 M [Activities that help]

Output: Exercise, Games, Music Although they don't necessarily slow the progression of Alzheimer's, activity is proven to improve quality of life for people with the disease. Activities can also help maintain motor skills that aid daily tasks.


Input: [Disease] Asthma [# Affected (worldwide)] 300 M [Activities that help]

Output: Exercise Regular physical activity can increase lung strength and overall breathing. It also promotes a healthy weight which can reduce asthmatic symptoms.


Input: [Disease] COPD [# Affected (worldwide)] 64 M [Activities that help]

Output: Exercise Regular exercise offers many other health benefits for people living with COPD. It can reduce the risk of COPD flare-ups, help to maintain a healthy body weight, reduce stress and maintain independence.


Input: [Disease] Depression [# Affected (worldwide)] 121 M [Activities that help]

Output: Exercise and Physical Activity Research shows that regular physical activity significantly reduces the risk of people developing depression.


Input: [Disease] Diabetes [# Affected (worldwide)] 346 M [Activities that help]

Output: Exercise Exercise is very important for managing diabetes. It can improve the body's use of insulin, burn excess body fat, help to decrease and control weight, lower blood pressure, and improve blood circulation.


Input: [Disease] Heart Failure [# Affected (worldwide)] 22 M [Activities that help]

Output: Exercise and Physical Activity Regular exercise, especially aerobic exercise, has many benefits for people at risk of heart failure. It can strengthen the heart and cardiovascular system, improve circulation, and lower blood pressure.


Input: [Disease] Hypertension [# Affected (worldwide)] 970 M [Activities that help]

Output: Exercise and Physical Activity Daily exercise and physical activity can significantly help lower blood pressure by increasing the strength of the heart.


Input: [Disease] Obesity [# Affected (worldwide)] 1.5 B [Activities that help]

Output: Exercise and Physical Activity When physical activity is combined with proper nutrition, it can help control weight and prevent obesity, which is a major risk factor for many diseases.


Input: Selects gear to maintain reasonable cadence. Anticipates and is able to make correct changes. [Skill]

Output: Gear selection

Riding expectations for CTC courses | CTC


Input: Ride over a small (kerb sized) downward step. [Skill]

Output: Ride over an obstacle

Riding expectations for CTC courses | CTC


Input: Able to ride up the selected area when seated and standing. Reasonable body position. [Skill]

Output: Ride up an offroad slope

Riding expectations for CTC courses | CTC


Input: Shows control, effective braking and body position. Able to determine what they are unable to ride safely. [Skill]

Output: Ride down a steep descent

Riding expectations for CTC courses | CTC


Input: Can stop quickly with minimal skidding. Keeps cranks horizontal. [Skill]

Output: Stop without skidding

Riding expectations for CTC courses | CTC


Input: Successfully rides section. [Skill]

Output: Ride off camber

Riding expectations for CTC courses | CTC


Input: Selects smoothest and safest line. Correct fore/aft weight balance. [Skill]

Output: Moderately fast corner

Riding expectations for CTC courses | CTC


Input: Identifies a suitable line. Keeps to obvious lines. [Skill]

Output: Line selection

Riding expectations for CTC courses | CTC


Input: [Specification] Best use [Description]

Output: Casual

Tretorn Nylite Canvas Shoes - Women's - 2012 Closeout - REI.com


Input: [Specification] Footwear height [Description]

Output: Ankle

Tretorn Nylite Canvas Shoes - Women's - 2012 Closeout - REI.com


Input: [Specification] Footwear closure [Description]

Output: Lace-up

Tretorn Nylite Canvas Shoes - Women's - 2012 Closeout - REI.com


Input: [Specification] Upper [Description]

Output: Canvas

Tretorn Nylite Canvas Shoes - Women's - 2012 Closeout - REI.com


Input: [Specification] Lining [Description]

Output: Textile

Tretorn Nylite Canvas Shoes - Women's - 2012 Closeout - REI.com


Input: [Specification] Midsole [Description]

Output: Rubber

Tretorn Nylite Canvas Shoes - Women's - 2012 Closeout - REI.com


Input: [Specification] Outsole [Description]

Output: Rubber

Tretorn Nylite Canvas Shoes - Women's - 2012 Closeout - REI.com


Input: [Specification] Gender [Description]

Output: Women's

Tretorn Nylite Canvas Shoes - Women's - 2012 Closeout - REI.com


Input: [Types Of Water] Hard Water [Bacteria] Yes [Viruses] Yes [Residual Chlorine] Yes [Dirt] Yes [Chemicals] Yes [Pollution]

Output: Yes

Watair | Water-from-Air Technologies - Products


Input: [Types Of Water] Raw Water [Bacteria] Yes [Viruses] Yes [Residual Chlorine] No [Dirt] Yes [Chemicals] Yes [Pollution]

Output: Yes

Watair | Water-from-Air Technologies - Products


Input: [Types Of Water] Boiled Water [Bacteria] No [Viruses] No [Residual Chlorine] Yes [Dirt] Yes [Chemicals] No [Pollution]

Output: No

Watair | Water-from-Air Technologies - Products


Input: [Types Of Water] Glacier Water [Bacteria] Yes [Viruses] No [Residual Chlorine] No [Dirt] Yes [Chemicals] No [Pollution]

Output: Yes

Watair | Water-from-Air Technologies - Products


Input: [Types Of Water] Filtered Water [Bacteria] Yes [Viruses] No [Residual Chlorine] Yes [Dirt] No [Chemicals] No [Pollution]

Output: No

Watair | Water-from-Air Technologies - Products


Input: [Types Of Water] Bottled Water [Bacteria] Yes [Viruses] No [Residual Chlorine] No [Dirt] No [Chemicals] No [Pollution]

Output: No

Watair | Water-from-Air Technologies - Products


Input: [Types Of Water] WATAIR [Bacteria] No [Viruses] No [Residual Chlorine] No [Dirt] No [Chemicals] No [Pollution]

Output: No

Watair | Water-from-Air Technologies - Products


Input: [Product Name/ Number] Branding Ink, Purple I00261 [Liquid/ Powder] L [Description]

Output: Designed for marking edible meat and poultry product. The strongly identifiable purple color provides indelible markings on meat and poultry products and will not wash off under ordinary conditions. Use to apply the house stamp, grading and other identifying marks on meat or poultry. This ink minimizes fluorescing of dyes to reduce its interference with fluorescing monitoring equipment used to detect contamination on meat.

Birko Marking Ink for Food Processing Plants


Input: [Product Name/ Number] Marking Ink, Black I00256 [Liquid/ Powder] L [Description]

Output: Designed for marking edible meat and poultry product. The strongly identifiable black color provides indelible markings on meat and poultry products and will not wash off under ordinary conditions. Use to apply identifying marks on meat or poultry.

Birko Marking Ink for Food Processing Plants


Input: [Product Name/ Number] Marking Ink, Blue I00255 [Liquid/ Powder] L [Description]

Output: Designed for marking edible meat and poultry product. The strongly identifiable blue color provides indelible markings on meat and poultry products and will not wash off under ordinary conditions. Use to apply identifying marks on meat or poultry.

Birko Marking Ink for Food Processing Plants


Input: [Product Name/ Number] Marking Ink, Brown I00257 [Liquid/ Powder] L [Description]

Output: Designed for marking edible meat and poultry product. The strongly identifiable brown color provides indelible markings on meat and poultry products and will not wash off under ordinary conditions. Use to apply identifying marks on meat or poultry.

Birko Marking Ink for Food Processing Plants


Input: [Product Name/ Number] Marking Ink, Green I00258 [Liquid/ Powder] L [Description]

Output: Designed for marking edible meat and poultry product. The strongly identifiable green color provides indelible markings on meat and poultry products and will not wash off under ordinary conditions. Use to apply the house stamp, grading and other identifying marks on meat or poultry.

Birko Marking Ink for Food Processing Plants


Input: [Product Name/ Number] Marking Ink, Orange I00259 [Liquid/ Powder] L [Description]

Output: Designed for marking edible meat and poultry product. The strongly identifiable orange color provides indelible markings on meat and poultry products and will not wash off under ordinary conditions.Use to apply identifying marks on meat or poultry.

Birko Marking Ink for Food Processing Plants


Input: [Product Name/ Number] Marking Ink, Purple I00260 [Liquid/ Powder] L [Description]

Output: Designed for marking edible meat and poultry product. The strongly identifiable purple color provides indelible markings on meat and poultry products and will not wash off under ordinary conditions.Use to apply the house stamp, grading and other identifying marks on meat or poultry.

Birko Marking Ink for Food Processing Plants


Input: [Product Name/ Number] Marking Ink, Purple QD I00262 [Liquid/ Powder] L [Description]

Output: A quick-drying ink designed for marking edible meat and poultry product. The strongly identifiable purple color provides indelible markings on meat and poultry products and will not wash off under ordinary conditions. Use to apply the house stamp, grading and other identifying marks on meat or poultry.

Birko Marking Ink for Food Processing Plants


Input: [Product Name/ Number] Marking Ink, Red I00263 [Liquid/ Powder] L [Description]

Output: Designed for marking edible meat and poultry product. The strongly identifiable purple color provides indelible markings on meat and poultry products and will not wash off under ordinary conditions. Use to apply the house stamp, grading and other identifying marks on meat or poultry.

Birko Marking Ink for Food Processing Plants


Input: [Product Name/ Number] Marking Ink, Red QD I00231 [Liquid/ Powder] L [Description]

Output: A quick-drying ink designed for marking edible meat and poultry product. This strongly identifiable red color provides indelible markings on meat and poultry products and will not wash off under ordinary conditions. Use to apply the house stamp, grading and other identifying marks on meat or poultry.

Birko Marking Ink for Food Processing Plants


Input: [Product Name/ Number] Marking Ink, Yellow I00265 [Liquid/ Powder] L [Description]

Output: Designed for marking edible meat and poultry product. The strongly identifiable yellow color provides indelible markings on meat and poultry products and will not wash off under ordinary conditions. Use to apply identifying marks on meat or poultry.

Birko Marking Ink for Food Processing Plants


Input: [Product Name/ Number] Purple Stamping Ink I00113 [Liquid/ Powder] L [Description]

Output: Designed for marking edible meat and poultry product. The strongly identifiable purple color provides indelible markings on meat and poultry products and will not wash off under ordinary conditions. Use to apply the house stamp, grading and other identifying marks on meat or poultry.

Birko Marking Ink for Food Processing Plants


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] wound healing [Cosmetic function] used against skin irritations and dry skin (like urea) [Active agent]

Output: allantoin

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] acne and rosacea agent (concentrations of about 20%) [Cosmetic function] consistency agent (licensed up to 1 %) in acne and rosacea skin care products [Active agent]

Output: azelaic acid

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] antibacterial and preservative effects in eye products and throat drops) [Cosmetic function] preservative, licensed up to 0.1 % [Active agent]

Output: benzalkonium chloride

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] preservative [Cosmetic function] preservative, fragrance component [Active agent]

Output: benzyl alcohol preservative, fragrance component

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] inflammation inhibitor, wound healing [Cosmetic function] inflammation inhibitor [Active agent]

Output: calendula extract

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] covering of wounds [Cosmetic function] sodium carbomer: thickening agent (consistency agent), ingredient of ultrasound gels [Active agent]

Output: carbomers (polyacrylates)

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] inflammation inhibitor, soothing of irritations, wound healing [Cosmetic function] inflammation inhibitor [Active agent]

Output: chamomile

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] antimycotic agent [Cosmetic function] active agent against dandruff [Active agent]

Output: clotrimazol

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] wound healing [Cosmetic function] skin moistening, skin smoothing, stimulating cell proliferation, anti-itching, antibacterial effect [Active agent]

Output: D-panthenol

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] wound healing, immune stimulation [Cosmetic function] used in skin care products for the treatment of couperosis, rosacea and perioral dermatitis [Active agent]

Output: echinacea extract

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] anti-inflammatory effect, neurodermatitis [Cosmetic function] dry skin, barrier disorders, anti-inflammatory effects [Active agent]

Output: essential fatty acids: linolenic acid, α- and γ-linolenic acid

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] psoriasis therapy with fumaric acid esters [Cosmetic function] prevention of bad and hyperactive skin in combination with carriers [Active agent]

Output: fumaric acid

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] condyloma treatment [Cosmetic function] stimulation of microcirculation; astringent [Active agent]

Output: green tea

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] wound healing, inflammation inhibitor [Cosmetic function] mild astringent: ingredient of tonics, lotions and aftershaves [Active agent]

Output: hamamelis extract

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] in eye formulations against redness and inflammations ("dry eye symptom") [Cosmetic function] wrinkle smoothing, forms elastic moisture film [Active agent]

Output: hyaluronic acid

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] local anaesthetic (polidocanol) in cases of neurodermatitis, dermatoses and eczema; antipruritic and analgesic [Cosmetic function] emulsifier for creams and cleansing products (cf. annotation of the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment - BfR- dated 15-10-2003: Polydocanol in cosmetic products" [Active agent]

Output: laureth-9

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] acne (comedolytic and keratolytic; starting at 5 %), wart removal (ca. 10% solution) [Cosmetic function] antimicrobial and keratolytic activity, peeling (ß-hydroxy acid). Up to max. 2 % are allowed in skin care creams and 3 % in shampoos. [Active agent]

Output: salicylic acid

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] inhibition and soothing of bleeding (antifibrinolytic) [Cosmetic function] skin whitening [Active agent]

Output: tranexamic acid

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] antiseptic agent for disinfection purposes [Cosmetic function] preservative (allowed up to 0.3 %) in toothpastes, deodorants and cleansing products [Active agent]

Output: triclosan

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] keratolysis in case of onychomycoses, soothing of pruritus, skin moistening [Cosmetic function] moisturizer, soothing of irritations, powder additive [Active agent]

Output: urea

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Pharmaceutical function] tretinoin, isotretinoin: skin recovery, chemical peeling, acne treatment [Cosmetic function] banned from cosmetic products. Vitamin-A-palmitate is allowed (will transform into vitamin-A-acid in the skin). Used for collagen formation and recovery of the atrophic skin, treatment of acne, cornification disorders. [Active agent]

Output: vitamin-A-acid

Using synergies - How active agents and cream bases interlink cosmetics and pharmacy


Input: [Symbol] Al [metal] Aluminium [Forms available]

Output: Foil Rod Sheet Sputtering target Tube Wire


Input: [Symbol] Be [metal] Beryllium [Forms available]

Output: Foil


Input: [Symbol] Bi [metal] Bismuth [Forms available]

Output: Pellets


Input: [metal] Bismuth Alloy [Forms available]

Output: Lump


Input: [Symbol] Cd [metal] Cadmium [Forms available]

Output: Foil Sheet Wire


Input: [Symbol] C [metal] Carbon [Forms available]

Output: Fibre Yarn Foil Sheet


Input: [Symbol] Co [metal] Cobalt [Forms available]

Output: Foil Wire


Input: [Symbol] Cu [metal] Copper [Forms available]

Output: Foil Insulated Wire Mesh/Gauze Ribbon Rod Sheet Tube Wire


Input: [metal] Copper/Beryllium [Forms available]

Output: Foil Wire


Input: [Symbol] Ge [metal] Germanium [Forms available]

Output: Grain


Input: [Symbol] Au [metal] Gold [Forms available]

Output: Foil Insulated Wire Mesh/Gauze Wire


Input: [Symbol] Hf [metal] Hafnium [Forms available]

Output: Foil Sheet Wire


Input: [Symbol] In [metal] Indium [Forms available]

Output: Foil Wire


Input: [Symbol] Ir [metal] Iridium [Forms available]

Output: Foil Wire Disc


Input: [Symbol] Fe [metal] Iron [Forms available]

Output: Foil Sheet Wire


Input: [Symbol] Pb [metal] Lead [Forms available]

Output: Foil Rod Sheet Wire


Input: [Symbol] Mg [metal] Magnesium [Forms available]

Output: Foil


Input: [Symbol] Mo [metal] Molybdenum [Forms available]

Output: Foil Insulated Wire Mesh/Gauze Plate Rod Sheet Tube Wire


Input: [Symbol] Ni [metal] Nickel [Forms available]

Output: Foil Mesh/Gauze Rod Wire


Input: [metal] Nickel/Chromium [Forms available]

Output: Wire


Input: [Symbol] Nb [metal] Niobium [Forms available]

Output: Foil Insulated Wire Sheet Tube Wire


Input: [Symbol] Pd [metal] Palladium [Forms available]

Output: Foil Wire


Input: [Symbol] Pt [metal] Platinum [Forms available]

Output: Foil Insulated Wire Mesh/Gauze Wire


Input: [Symbol] Re [metal] Rhenium [Forms available]

Output: Foil Ribbon Wire


Input: [Symbol] Rh [metal] Rhodium [Forms available]

Output: Wire


Input: [Symbol] Si [metal] Silicon [Forms available]

Output: Crystal Wafer


Input: [Symbol] Ag [metal] Silver [Forms available]

Output: Foil Insulated Wire Mesh/Gauze Powder Rod Sheet Tube Wire Wool


Input: [Symbol] Ag/Cu [metal] Silver/Copper Brazing Alloy [Forms available]

Output: Foil


Input: [metal] Stainless Steel [Forms available]

Output: Tube


Input: [Symbol] Ta [metal] Tantalum [Forms available]

Output: Foil Mesh/Gauze Ribbon Rod Sheet Wire


Input: [Symbol] Sn [metal] Tin [Forms available]

Output: Foil Sheet Wire Ingots


Input: [Symbol] Ti [metal] Titanium [Forms available]

Output: Foil Plate Rod Sheet Wire


Input: [Symbol] W [metal] Tungsten [Forms available]

Output: Foil Insulated Wire Mesh/Gauze Ribbon Sheet Wire Wire - Straight Cut Lengths Plated Wire


Input: [Symbol] V [metal] Vanadium [Forms available]

Output: Foil


Input: [Symbol] Zn [metal] Zinc [Forms available]

Output: Foil Sheet Wire


Input: [Symbol] Zr [metal] Zirconium [Forms available]

Output: Foil Sheet Wire


Input: [Supplement] 3 Stars Andrographis 100 mg of a standardized extract two times per day [Why]

Output: Andrographis contains bitter constituents that are believed to have immune-stimulating and anti-inflammatory actions. Andrographis contains andrographolides that have demonstrated immune-enhancing qualities in preliminary studies.3 , 4 Double-blind trials have shown that common cold symptoms improve5 , 6 and recovery is faster7 when andrographis extract containing 48 to 60 mg andrographolides is taken in three or four divided doses daily, beginning as soon as possible after symptoms appear. In addition, preliminary research in Russia suggests andrographis extract may be effective for the treatment of influenza.8 This extract was also tested for preventing colds in a double-blind study of teenagers.9 After three months, the group taking 5 mg of andrographolides twice daily had only half the number of colds experienced by the placebo group.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 3 Stars Vitamin C 1 to 4 grams daily [Why]

Output: Studies have shown that taking vitamin C may make your cold shorter and less severe. A review of 21 controlled trials using 1 to 8 grams of vitamin C per day found that “in each of the twenty-one studies, vitamin C reduced the duration of episodes and the severity of the symptoms of the common cold by an average of 23%.”10 The optimum amount of vitamin C to take for cold treatment remains in debate but may be as high as 1 to 3 grams per day, considerably more than the 120 to 200 mg per day that has been suggested as optimal intake for healthy adults. A review of 23 controlled trials found that vitamin C supplementation produces a greater benefit for children than for adults.11 The same review found that a daily amount of 2 grams or more was superior to a daily amount of 1 gram at reducing the duration of cold symptoms.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 3 Stars Zinc Lozenges Use 13 to 25 mg as gluconate, gluconate-glycine, or acetate in lozenges every two hours [Why]

Output: Zinc lozenges used at the first sign of a cold have been shown to help stop the virus and shorten the illness. Zinc interferes with viral replication in test tubes, may interfere with the ability of viruses to enter cells of the body, may help immune cells to fight a cold, and may relieve cold symptoms when taken as a supplement.12 In double-blind trials, zinc lozenges have reduced the duration of colds in adults but have been ineffective in children.13 , 14 , 15 , 16 Lozenges containing zinc gluconate, zinc gluconate-glycine, and, in most trials, zinc acetate17 , 18 have been effective; most other forms of zinc and lozenges flavored with citric acid,19 tartaric acid, sorbitol, or mannitol have been ineffective.20 Trials using these other forms of zinc have failed, as have trials that use insufficient amounts of zinc.21 For the alleviation of cold symptoms, lozenges providing 13 to 25 mg of zinc (as zinc gluconate, zinc gluconate-glycine, or zinc acetate) are used every two hours while awake but only for several days. The best effect is obtained when lozenges are used at the first sign of a cold. An analysis of the major zinc trials has claimed that evidence for efficacy is “still lacking.”22 However, despite a lack of statistical significance, this compilation of data from six double-blind trials found that people assigned to zinc had a 50% decreased risk of still having symptoms after one week compared with those given placebo. Some trials included in this analysis used formulations containing substances that may inactivate zinc salts. Other reasons for failure to show statistical significance, according to a recent analysis of these studies,23 may have been small sample size (not enough people) or not enough zinc given. Thus, there are plausible reasons why the authors were unable to show statistical significance, even though positive effects are well supported in most trials using gluconate, gluconate-glycine, or acetate forms of zinc.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 2 Stars American Ginseng 400 mg per day of a freeze-dried extract [Why]

Output: In a double-blind study, supplementing with American ginseng significantly reduced the number of colds that people experienced over a four-month period. In a double-blind study, supplementation with American ginseng significantly reduced by 27% the number of colds that people experienced over a four-month period, compared with a placebo.24 The amount used in this study was 400 mg per day of a freeze-dried extract.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 2 Stars Garlic Follow label instructions to take a product containing stabilized allicin [Why]

Output: In one study, taking garlic during the winter months reduced the occurrence and duration of colds. In a double-blind trial, participants took one capsule per day of a placebo or a garlic supplement that contained stabilized allicin (the amount of garlic per capsule was not specified) for 12 weeks between November and February. During that time, the garlic group had 63% fewer colds and 70% fewer days ill than did the placebo group.25 In another double-blind study of healthy volunteers, supplementing with 2.6 grams per day of an aged-garlic extract for 90 days decreased by 58% the number of days on which severe cold or influenza symptoms occurred.26

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 2 Stars Geranium Take a product containing stabilized allicin and follow label instructions [Why]

Output: Geranium is an herbal remedy used in Germany, Mexico, Russia, and other countries in the treatment of respiratory tract and ear, nose, and throat infections. Geranium (Pelargonium sidoides) is an herbal remedy used in Germany, Mexico, Russia, and other countries for the treatment of respiratory tract and ear, nose, and throat infections. In a double-blind study of children with acute tonsillitis/pharyngitis that was not due to a Streptococcal infection, participants given an extract of geranium had significantly more rapid resolution of symptoms, compared with those given a placebo.27 The amount of the geranium extract used in this study was 20 drops three times per day for six days.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 2 Stars Probiotics Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: A double-blind trial showed that daily supplementation with with a probiotic may decrease the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections in children. In a double-blind trial, daily supplementation with Lactobacillus GG (a probiotic organism) for 3 months decreased the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections by 34% in children attending daycare centers.28 Another double-blind trial found that a probiotic preparation taken for 3 months during the winter decreased the incidence of common infectious diseases in children aged 3-7 years.29 The product used in that study contained Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, Bifidobacterium infantis R0033, Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071, and fructo-oligosaccharides.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 2 Stars Throat Coat Tea (Marshmallow Root, Licorice Root, and Elm Bark) 5 to 8 ounces of tea, four to six times per day, for two to seven days [Why]

Output: In one study, Throat Coat tea was effective in providing rapid, temporary relief of sore throat pain in people with acute pharyngitis. In a double-blind study, a proprietary product containing marshmallow root, licorice root, and elm bark (Throat Coat) was effective in providing rapid, temporary relief of sore throat pain in people with acute pharyngitis.30 Throat Coat was taken as a tea in the amount of 5 to 8 ounces, 4 to 6 times per day, for two to seven days.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 2 Stars Vitamin D 300 IU per day for three months in winter [Why]

Output: Research suggests that supplementing with vitamin D may prevent upper respiratory tract infections in people who are deficient in the vitamin, but not in those who have normal vitamin D status. In a double-blind trial, supplementation with 300 IU per day of vitamin D for three months during the winter decreased the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections in Mongolian children with vitamin D deficiency.31 However, in a double-blind study of healthy adults in New Zealand, vitamin D supplementation did not reduce the incidence or severity of upper respiratory tract infections. The participants in that trial had either normal vitamin D levels or mild vitamin D deficiency (depending on which definition of vitamin D deficiency is used).32 These results suggest that vitamin D supplementation can prevent upper respiratory tract infections in people who are deficient in the vitamin, but not in those who have normal vitamin D status.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 2 Stars Zinc Oral For prevention: 15 mg daily; for treating colds: 30 mg daily at the onset [Why]

Output: In one study, oral zinc supplementation significantly reduced both the incidence and duration of the common cold. Zinc interferes with viral replication in test tubes, may interfere with the ability of viruses to enter cells of the body, may help immune cells to fight a cold, and may relieve cold symptoms when taken as a supplement.33 In double-blind trials, zinc lozenges have reduced the duration of colds in adults but have been ineffective in children.34 , 35 , 36 , 37 Lozenges containing zinc gluconate, zinc gluconate-glycine, and, in most trials, zinc acetate38 , 39 have been effective; most other forms of zinc and lozenges flavored with citric acid,40 tartaric acid, sorbitol, or mannitol have been ineffective.41 Trials using these other forms of zinc have failed, as have trials that use insufficient amounts of zinc.42 For the alleviation of cold symptoms, lozenges providing 13 to 25 mg of zinc (as zinc gluconate, zinc gluconate-glycine, or zinc acetate) are used every two hours while awake but only for several days. The best effect is obtained when lozenges are used at the first sign of a cold. An analysis of the major zinc trials has claimed that evidence for efficacy is “still lacking.”43 However, despite a lack of statistical significance, this compilation of data from six double-blind trials found that people assigned to zinc had a 50% decreased risk of still having symptoms after one week compared with those given placebo. Some trials included in this analysis used formulations containing substances that may inactivate zinc salts. Other reasons for failure to show statistical significance, according to a recent analysis of these studies,44 may have been small sample size (not enough people) or not enough zinc given. Thus, there are plausible reasons why the authors were unable to show statistical significance, even though positive effects are well supported in most trials using gluconate, gluconate-glycine, or acetate forms of zinc. In a double-blind study of children in Turkey, oral zinc supplementation significantly reduced both the incidence (by 29%) and the duration (by 11%) of the common cold. The amount of zinc used in this seven-month study was 15 mg per day for children with an average age of 5.6 years. The amount of supplemental zinc was doubled at the onset of a cold, and this higher amount was continued until symptoms resolved.45

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Asian Ginseng Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Adaptogens such as Asian ginseng are thought to help keep various body systems—including the immune system—functioning optimally. Herbal supplements can help strengthen the immune system and fight infections. Adaptogens, which include eleuthero, Asian ginseng, astragalus, and schisandra, are thought to help keep various body systems—including the immune system—functioning optimally. They have not been systematically evaluated as cold remedies. However, one double-blind trial found that people who were given 100 mg of Asian ginseng extract in combination with a flu vaccine experienced a lower frequency of colds and flu compared with people who received only the flu vaccine.46

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Astragalus Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Adaptogens such as astragalus are thought to help keep various body systems—including the immune system—functioning optimally. Herbal supplements can help strengthen the immune system and fight infections. Adaptogens, which include eleuthero, Asian ginseng, astragalus, and schisandra, are thought to help keep various body systems—including the immune system—functioning optimally. They have not been systematically evaluated as cold remedies. However, one double-blind trial found that people who were given 100 mg of Asian ginseng extract in combination with a flu vaccine experienced a lower frequency of colds and flu compared with people who received only the flu vaccine.47

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Blackberry Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Blackberry leaves contain astringent tannins that are helpful for soothing sore throats. Red raspberry , blackberry, and blueberry leaves contain astringent tannins that are helpful for soothing sore throats.48 Sage tea may be gargled to soothe a sore throat. All of these remedies are used traditionally, but they are currently not supported by modern research.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Blueberry Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Blueberry leaves contain astringent tannins that are helpful for soothing sore throats. Red raspberry , blackberry, and blueberry leaves contain astringent tannins that are helpful for soothing sore throats.49 Sage tea may be gargled to soothe a sore throat. All of these remedies are used traditionally, but they are currently not supported by modern research.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Boneset Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Boneset is an immune stimulant and diaphoretic that helps fight off minor viral infections, such as the common cold. Boneset is an immune stimulant and diaphoretic that helps fight off minor viral infections, such as the common cold. Several double-blind trials have found that echinacea root tinctures in combination with boneset, wild indigo, and homeopathic arnica reduce symptoms of the common cold.50 In addition, linden and hyssop may promote a healthy fever and the immune system’s ability to fight infections. Yarrow is another diaphoretic that has been used for relief of sore throats, though it has not yet been researched for this purpose.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Chinese Artichoke Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners use Chinese artichoke for colds and flu. Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners use Chinese artichoke (Stachys sieboldii), a species similar to wood betony (Stachys betonica), for colds and flu.51 It is unknown whether wood betony would be useful for people with the common cold.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Elderberry Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Elderberry has shown antiviral activity and may benefit some people with common colds. Elder flowers are a traditional remedy for helping to break fevers and promote sweating during a cold. Elderberry has shown antiviral activity and thus may be useful for some people with common colds. Elder flowers are a traditional diaphoretic remedy for helping to break fevers and promote sweating during a cold.52 , 53

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Eleuthero Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Adaptogens such as eleuthero are thought to help keep various body systems—including the immune system—functioning optimally. Eleuthero contains eleutherosides that appear to have immune-enhancing effects according to preliminary studies.54 , 55 Human research, some of it double-blind,56 , 57 has shown benefits for treating the common cold using Kan Jang, a combination of andrographis extract (48 to 60 mg andrographolides per day) and an eleuthero extract containing 2.0 to 2.4 mg per day of eleutherosides.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Eucalyptus Oil Eucalyptus oil [Why]

Output: Eucalyptus oil is often used in a steam inhalation to help clear nasal and sinus congestion. Eucalyptus oil is often used in a steam inhalation to help clear nasal and sinus congestion. It is said to work similarly to menthol, by acting on receptors in the nasal mucous membranes, leading to a reduction of nasal stuffiness.58 Peppermint may have a similar action and is a source of small amounts of menthol.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Goldenseal Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Goldenseal root has antimicrobial and mild immune-stimulating effects. It soothes irritated mucous membranes in the throat, making it potentially useful for sore throats. Goldenseal root contains two alkaloids, berberine and canadine, with antimicrobial and mild immune-stimulating effects.59 However, due to the small amounts of alkaloids occurring in the root, it is unlikely these effects would occur outside the test tube. Goldenseal soothes irritated mucous membranes in the throat,60 making it potentially useful for those experiencing a sore throat with their cold. Human research on the effectiveness of goldenseal or other berberine-containing herbs, such as Oregon grape, barberry, or goldthread (Coptis chinensis), for people with colds has not been conducted. Goldenseal root should only be used for short periods of time. Goldenseal root extract, in capsule or tablet form, is typically taken in amounts of 4 to 6 grams three times per day. Using goldenseal powder as a tea or tincture may soothe a sore throat. Because goldenseal is threatened in the wild due to over-harvesting, substitutes such as Oregon grape should be used whenever possible. Elderberry has shown antiviral activity and thus may be useful for some people with common colds. Elder flowers are a traditional diaphoretic remedy for helping to break fevers and promote sweating during a cold. Horseradish has antibiotic properties, which may account for its usefulness in easing throat and upper respiratory tract infections. The resin of the herb myrrh has been shown to kill various microbes and to stimulate macrophages (a type of white blood cell). Usnea has a traditional reputation as an antiseptic and is sometimes used for people with common colds.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Goldthread Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Goldthread contains berberine, an alkaloid with antimicrobial and mild immune-stimulating effects. Goldenseal root contains two alkaloids, berberine and canadine, with antimicrobial and mild immune-stimulating effects.61 However, due to the small amounts of alkaloids occurring in the root, it is unlikely these effects would occur outside the test tube. Goldenseal soothes irritated mucous membranes in the throat,62 making it potentially useful for those experiencing a sore throat with their cold. Human research on the effectiveness of goldenseal or other berberine-containing herbs, such as Oregon grape, barberry, or goldthread (Coptis chinensis), for people with colds has not been conducted. Goldenseal root should only be used for short periods of time. Goldenseal root extract, in capsule or tablet form, is typically taken in amounts of 4 to 6 grams three times per day. Using goldenseal powder as a tea or tincture may soothe a sore throat. Because goldenseal is threatened in the wild due to over-harvesting, substitutes such as Oregon grape should be used whenever possible. Elderberry has shown antiviral activity and thus may be useful for some people with common colds. Elder flowers are a traditional diaphoretic remedy for helping to break fevers and promote sweating during a cold. Horseradish has antibiotic properties, which may account for its usefulness in easing throat and upper respiratory tract infections. The resin of the herb myrrh has been shown to kill various microbes and to stimulate macrophages (a type of white blood cell). Usnea has a traditional reputation as an antiseptic and is sometimes used for people with common colds.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Horseradish Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Horseradish has antibiotic properties, which may account for its usefulness in easing throat and upper respiratory tract infections. Elderberry has shown antiviral activity and thus may be useful for some people with common colds. Elder flowers are a traditional diaphoretic remedy for helping to break fevers and promote sweating during a cold. Horseradish has antibiotic properties, which may account for its usefulness in easing throat and upper respiratory tract infections. The resin of the herb myrrh has been shown to kill various microbes and to stimulate macrophages (a type of white blood cell). Usnea has a traditional reputation as an antiseptic and is sometimes used for people with common colds.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Hyssop Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Hyssop may promote a healthy fever and the immune system’s ability to fight infections. Boneset is another immune stimulant and diaphoretic that helps fight off minor viral infections, such as the common cold. In addition, linden and hyssop may promote a healthy fever and the immune system’s ability to fight infections. Yarrow is another diaphoretic that has been used for relief of sore throats, though it has not yet been researched for this purpose.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Linden Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Linden may promote a healthy fever and the immune system’s ability to fight infections. Boneset is another immune stimulant and diaphoretic that helps fight off minor viral infections, such as the common cold. In addition, linden and hyssop may promote a healthy fever and the immune system’s ability to fight infections. Yarrow is another diaphoretic that has been used for relief of sore throats, though it has not yet been researched for this purpose.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Mallow Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Herbs high in mucilage, such as malvia, are often helpful for relief of coughs and irritated throats. Herbs high in mucilage, such as slippery elm, mallow (Malvia sylvestris), and marshmallow, are often helpful for symptomatic relief of coughs and irritated throats. Mullein has expectorant and demulcent properties, which accounts for this herb’s historical use as a remedy for the respiratory tract, particularly in cases of irritating coughs with bronchial congestion. Coltsfoot is another herb with high mucilage content that has been used historically to soothe sore throats. However, it is high in pyrrolizidine alkaloids—constituents that may damage the liver over time. It is best to either avoid coltsfoot or look for products that are free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Marshmallow Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Herbs high in mucilage, such as marshmallow, are often helpful for relief of coughs and irritated throats. Herbs high in mucilage, such as slippery elm, mallow (Malvia sylvestris), and marshmallow, are often helpful for symptomatic relief of coughs and irritated throats. Mullein has expectorant and demulcent properties, which accounts for this herb’s historical use as a remedy for the respiratory tract, particularly in cases of irritating coughs with bronchial congestion. Coltsfoot is another herb with high mucilage content that has been used historically to soothe sore throats. However, it is high in pyrrolizidine alkaloids—constituents that may damage the liver over time. It is best to either avoid coltsfoot or look for products that are free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Meadowsweet Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Meadowsweet is reputed to break fevers and to promote sweating during a cold or flu. It also has a mild anti-inflammatory effect and a pain-relieving effect. Meadowsweet has been used historically for a wide variety of conditions. It is reputed to break fevers and to promote sweating during a cold or flu. Meadowsweet contains salicylates, which possibly give the herb an aspirin-like effect, particularly in relieving aches and pains during a common cold. While not as potent as willow, which has a higher salicin content, the salicylates in meadowsweet do give it a mild anti-inflammatory effect and the potential to reduce fevers during a cold or flu. However, this role is based on historical use and knowledge of the chemistry of meadowsweet’s constituents; to date, no human studies have been completed with meadowsweet.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Mullein Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Mullein has soothing and mucus-expelling properties, which accounts for its historical use as a remedy for irritating coughs with bronchial congestion. Herbs high in mucilage, such as slippery elm, mallow (Malvia sylvestris), and marshmallow, are often helpful for symptomatic relief of coughs and irritated throats. Mullein has expectorant and demulcent properties, which accounts for this herb’s historical use as a remedy for the respiratory tract, particularly in cases of irritating coughs with bronchial congestion. Coltsfoot is another herb with high mucilage content that has been used historically to soothe sore throats. However, it is high in pyrrolizidine alkaloids—constituents that may damage the liver over time. It is best to either avoid coltsfoot or look for products that are free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Myrrh Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: The resin of the herb myrrh has been shown to kill various microbes and to stimulate macrophages (a type of white blood cell). Elderberry has shown antiviral activity and thus may be useful for some people with common colds. Elder flowers are a traditional diaphoretic remedy for helping to break fevers and promote sweating during a cold. Horseradish has antibiotic properties, which may account for its usefulness in easing throat and upper respiratory tract infections. The resin of the herb myrrh has been shown to kill various microbes and to stimulate macrophages (a type of white blood cell).63 Usnea has a traditional reputation as an antiseptic and is sometimes used for people with common colds.64

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Peppermint Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Peppermint, a source of small amounts of menthol, is believed to work by acting on receptors in the nasal mucous membranes, leading to a reduction of nasal stuffiness. Eucalyptus oil is often used in a steam inhalation to help clear nasal and sinus congestion. It is said to work similarly to menthol, by acting on receptors in the nasal mucous membranes, leading to a reduction of nasal stuffiness.65 Peppermint may have a similar action and is a source of small amounts of menthol.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Red Raspberry Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Red raspberry leaves contain astringent tannins that are helpful for soothing sore throats. Red raspberry , blackberry, and blueberry leaves contain astringent tannins that are helpful for soothing sore throats.66 Sage tea may be gargled to soothe a sore throat. All of these remedies are used traditionally, but they are currently not supported by modern research.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Sage Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Sage tea may be gargled to soothe a sore throat. Red raspberry , blackberry, and blueberry leaves contain astringent tannins that are helpful for soothing sore throats.67 Sage tea may be gargled to soothe a sore throat. All of these remedies are used traditionally, but they are currently not supported by modern research.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Schisandra Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Adaptogens such as schisandra are thought to help keep various body systems—including the immune system—functioning optimally. Herbal supplements can help strengthen the immune system and fight infections. Adaptogens, which include eleuthero, Asian ginseng, astragalus, and schisandra, are thought to help keep various body systems—including the immune system—functioning optimally. They have not been systematically evaluated as cold remedies. However, one double-blind trial found that people who were given 100 mg of Asian ginseng extract in combination with a flu vaccine experienced a lower frequency of colds and flu compared with people who received only the flu vaccine.68

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Sea Buckthorn Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Sea buckthorn has been shown in animal studies to have immune system-enhancing and anti-inflammatory properties, though a clinical trial did not find benefit. Sea buckthorn has been shown in animal studies to have immune system-enhancing and anti-inflammatory properties that might help prevent or relieve the common cold.69 However, in a double-blind trial,70 healthy people who consumed 28 grams per day of pureed sea buckthorn berries for three months had the same number and duration of common cold episodes as a group consuming a placebo puree. Sea buckthorn does not appear to be effective for preventing or relieving the common cold.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Slippery Elm Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Herbs high in mucilage, such as slippery elm, are often helpful for relief of coughs and irritated throats. Herbs high in mucilage, such as slippery elm, mallow (Malvia sylvestris), and marshmallow, are often helpful for symptomatic relief of coughs and irritated throats. Mullein has expectorant and demulcent properties, which accounts for this herb’s historical use as a remedy for the respiratory tract, particularly in cases of irritating coughs with bronchial congestion. Coltsfoot is another herb with high mucilage content that has been used historically to soothe sore throats. However, it is high in pyrrolizidine alkaloids—constituents that may damage the liver over time. It is best to either avoid coltsfoot or look for products that are free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Usnea Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Usnea has a traditional reputation as an antiseptic and is sometimes used for people with common colds. Elderberry has shown antiviral activity and thus may be useful for some people with common colds. Elder flowers are a traditional diaphoretic remedy for helping to break fevers and promote sweating during a cold. Horseradish has antibiotic properties, which may account for its usefulness in easing throat and upper respiratory tract infections. The resin of the herb myrrh has been shown to kill various microbes and to stimulate macrophages (a type of white blood cell).71 Usnea has a traditional reputation as an antiseptic and is sometimes used for people with common colds.72

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Wild Indigo Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Wild indigo appears to stimulate immune function and is considered a strong antimicrobial agent. In tinctures with echinacea, boneset, white cedar, and homeopathic arnica, it also has prevented and reduced colds. According to test tube experiments,73 wild indigo stimulates immune function, which might account for its role in fighting the common cold and flu. In combination with echinacea, boneset, and homeopathic arnica, wild indigo has prevented and reduced symptoms of the common cold in double-blind research. Wild indigo is traditionally considered a strong antimicrobial agent, though it has not yet been investigated as an agent against cold viruses.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Wood Betony Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners use Chinese artichoke, a species similar to wood betony, for colds and flu. Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners use Chinese artichoke (Stachys sieboldii), a species similar to wood betony (Stachys betonica), for colds and flu.74 It is unknown whether wood betony would be useful for people with the common cold.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 1 Star Yarrow Refer to label instructions [Why]

Output: Yarrow is a diaphoretic herb that has been used for relief of sore throats. Boneset is another immune stimulant and diaphoretic that helps fight off minor viral infections, such as the common cold. In addition, linden and hyssop may promote a healthy fever and the immune system’s ability to fight infections. Yarrow is another diaphoretic that has been used for relief of sore throats, though it has not yet been researched for this purpose.

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Supplement] 0 Stars Zinc Nasal Spray Not recommended due to a potenially serious side effect [Why]

Output: Zinc nasal sprays appear to be effective at shortening the duration of cold symptoms, however, some people have experienced long-lasting or permanent loss of smell after using the spray. Caution: Using zinc nasal spray has been reported to cause severe or complete loss of smell function. In some of those cases, the loss of smell was long-lasting or permanent.75 Zinc interferes with viral replication in test tubes.76 The beneficial effect of zinc nasal sprays should be weighed against the potentially serious side effect of loss of smell. Since zinc supplements are also effective and do not carry such a risk, it is more advisable to take zinc orally. A double-blind trial showed a 74% reduction in symptom duration in people using a zinc nasal spray four times daily, compared with the 42 to 53% reduction reported in trials using zinc gluconate or zinc acetate lozenges.77 The average duration of symptoms after the beginning of treatment was 2.3 days in the people receiving zinc, compared with 9.0 days in those receiving placebo. However, in another double-blind study, zinc nasal spray was no more effective than a placebo; in both groups the median duration of symptoms was seven days.78

Common Cold/Sore Throat (Holistic) | University of Michigan Health System


Input: [Specs:] Sidewall [Value:] Not Available [Description:]

Output: This describes the sidewall appearance. Examples include Black Sidewall, White Sidewall, and White Letters.

Yokohama S.drive AS01 175/50R16 77T BSW - tires-easy.com


Input: [Specs:] Load Index [Value:] Not Available [Description:]

Output: The load index (LI) is a 2 or 3 digit number that corrolates to the maximum amount of weight the tire can carry. For example, a tire with a load index of 87 indicates that the tire can carry a maximim load of 1,201 lbs. In the case of our example the 87 identifies the tires ability to carry a maximum of 1,201 lbs. So 4 tires will carry a maximum of 4,804 lbs. Refer to your vehicle owner's manual for the recommended minimim Load Index. It is not recommended to install tires with a lower Load Index. By doing so, this could cause your tires to be overloaded thus potentially causing a blowout.

Yokohama S.drive AS01 175/50R16 77T BSW - tires-easy.com


Input: [Specs:] Speed Rating [Value:] Not Available [Description:]

Output: Speed Ratings (SR) are based on laboratory tests and indicates the maximum speed the tire can achieve. These tests are based on limited time trials. Higher speed rating tires typically will yield better handling capabilities, but may often result in lower mileage. Refer to your vehicle owner's manual for the recommended minimum Speed Rating. It is not recommended to install a tire with a lower speed rating as it could affect the handling of your vehicle. It is important to note that speed ratings only apply to tires that have not been damaged, altered, under-inflated or overloaded. Additionally, most tire manufacturers maintain that a tire that has been cut or punctured no longer retains the tire manufacturer's original speed rating, even after being repaired because the tire manufacturer can't control the quality of the repair.

Yokohama S.drive AS01 175/50R16 77T BSW - tires-easy.com


Input: [Specs:] UTQG [Value:] Not Available [Description:]

Output: To help consumers evaluate their tires, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) created the Uniform Tire Quality Grading System (UTQG). The UTQG rates tires are rated on their tread-wear, traction performance, and temperature resistance. The grade for each of these can be found on the sidewall of your tire (except for winter tires and certain light truck tires). Click here for more information.

Yokohama S.drive AS01 175/50R16 77T BSW - tires-easy.com


Input: [Specs:] Max Single Load (lbs) [Value:] Not Available [Description:]

Output: The maximum load this tire will support. Remember to multiply this number by the number of tires installed on your vehicle to get the maximum carrying capacity. This number is directly related to the Load Index.

Yokohama S.drive AS01 175/50R16 77T BSW - tires-easy.com


Input: [Specs:] Max Single Air Pressure (PSI) [Value:] Not Available [Description:]

Output: The maximum air pressure this tire will support. This does not represent the amount of air pressure your tires should have at all times. Consult with your owner's manual to determine the best air pressure you shoud use for your vehicle.

Yokohama S.drive AS01 175/50R16 77T BSW - tires-easy.com


Input: [Specs:] Tread Depth (32nds) [Value:] Not Available [Description:]

Output: The amount of tread on the tire. Once the tire is worn to 2/32nds, it is considered fully used and should be replaced at that time. Most tires will have tire indicators in the grooves of the tire to help you determine when the tires are worn down to 2/32nds.

Yokohama S.drive AS01 175/50R16 77T BSW - tires-easy.com


Input: [Specs:] Rim Width Range [Value:] Not Available [Description:]

Output: The approved wheel rim width range this tire will support.

Yokohama S.drive AS01 175/50R16 77T BSW - tires-easy.com


Input: [Specs:] Measured Rim Width [Value:] Not Available [Description:]

Output: The recommended wheel width as recommended by the tire manufacturer to get the best wear us performance for this tire.

Yokohama S.drive AS01 175/50R16 77T BSW - tires-easy.com


Input: [Specs:] Section Width [Value:] Not Available [Description:]

Output: The measurement from sidewall to sidewall.

Yokohama S.drive AS01 175/50R16 77T BSW - tires-easy.com


Input: [Specs:] Tread Width [Value:] Not Available [Description:]

Output: The measurement from one side of the tread to the other side of the tread.

Yokohama S.drive AS01 175/50R16 77T BSW - tires-easy.com


Input: [Specs:] Overall Diameter [Value:] Not Available [Description:]

Output: The height of the tire when fully inflated.

Yokohama S.drive AS01 175/50R16 77T BSW - tires-easy.com


Input: [Specs:] Manufacturer Part Number (sku) [Value:] Not Available [Description:]

Output: Manufacturer part number (sku)

Yokohama S.drive AS01 175/50R16 77T BSW - tires-easy.com


Input: [0] Structure weight 30% lighter through optimum use of steel, Primary framing members are varying depth sections with larger depths in areas of high stress Secondary members are light gauge (light weight) roll formed 'Z' or 'C' shaped members [Conventional Buildings]

Output: Primary members selected from standard sections, which can be heavier than required, Members have constant cross-sections regardless of local stresses along member length Secondary members are selected from standard hot rolled 'I' or 'C' sections, which are heavier


Input: [0] Design Quick and efficient, since basic designs can be reused and built upon Specialized computer analysis and design programs optimize material required. Computerized drafting using standard details minimizes custom details. PEB engineers design & detail almost every day throughout the year resulting in faster & more efficient designs. [Conventional Buildings]

Output: Each structure designed from scratch Substantial engineering & detailing required on every project. Generalized computer analysis is require extensive input/output & design alterations. Each project is a separate case, engineers need more time to develop the design & details of the unique structure.


Input: [0] Delivery 6 to 8 weeks on average [Conventional Buildings]

Output: 20 to 26 weeks on average


Input: [0] Foundations Simple design, easy to construct [Conventional Buildings]

Output: Extensive, heavy foundations required


Input: [0] Erection cost and Time Both costs & erection time are accurately known. Erected by specialized PEB builders with extensive experience in erection of similar buildings. A stock of standard components enables on-time job completion should any shortage or on-site damage occur to materials. Erection process is easy, fast, step-by-step and with minimum equipment requirement [Conventional Buildings]

Output: In most cases, erection costs and time are not estimated accurately Erection is slow and extensive since more field labour and heavy equipment are often required


Input: [0] Seismic Resistance Low-weight, flexible frames offer higher resistance to seismic forces [Conventional Buildings]

Output: Heavy, rigid structures do not perform well in high-risk seismic zones


Input: [0] Overall Price Price per square meter may be up to 30% lower than conventional buildings [Conventional Buildings]

Output: They have a higher price per square meter than PEB


Input: [0] Architectural Design Outstanding architectural design can be achieved at low cost using standard architectural features and interface details. [Conventional Buildings]

Output: Special architectural design and features must be developed for each project, which often require research and thus resulting in much higher costs.


Input: [0] Sourcing & Coordination Building is supplied complete with cladding and all accessories including erection (if desired) from one single source. [Conventional Buildings]

Output: Many sources of supply, project management time is requireed to coordinate suppliers and sub-contractors.


Input: [0] Responsibility Single source of supply results in total responsibility by one supplier, including design liability. PEB manufacturers can be relied upon to service their buildings long after they are supplied to protect their reputation. [Conventional Buildings]

Output: Multiple responsibilities can result in questions of who is responsible when components do not fit properly, insufficient material is supplied, or materials fail to perform, particularly at the supplier/contractor interface. The consultant carries total design liability.


Input: [0] Performance All components are designed specifically to act together as a system, for maximum efficiency, precise fit, and peak performance in the field. Experience with similar buildings, in actual field conditions, has resulted in design improvements overtime, which allow dependable prediction of performance. [Conventional Buildings]

Output: Components are custom designed for a specific application on a specific job. Design and detailing errors possible when assembling the diverse components into unique buildings. Each building design is unique, so prediction of how components will perform together is uncertain. Materials which have performed well in some climates may not do so in other environments.


Input: [Safety Guidelines] Know CPR, care for choking, and first-aid basics. Many organizations, such as the American Red Cross and American Heart Association, offer courses in child and infant CPR.

Output: Be a role model for your child--have regular check-ups, eat healthy, exercise, and do not smoke.

Preventing Injuries--How You Can Help Your Child - University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital


Input: [Safety Guidelines] Put safety first. Know how to safety proof your home and your child's environment. The best treatment for injuries is prevention.

Output: Make sure your child has regular check-ups and immunizations.

Preventing Injuries--How You Can Help Your Child - University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital


Input: [Safety Guidelines] Install safety devices in your home, such as smoke detectors, handrails, stairway gates, and fire extinguishers. Cover electrical outlets, as needed.

Output: Provide a healthy diet and regular exercise for your child. Helping your child stay healthy and strong may help minimize problems when they do occur.

Preventing Injuries--How You Can Help Your Child - University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital


Input: [Safety Guidelines] Place medicines, cleaners, chemicals, and potential poisons out of your child's reach. Install safety locks on cabinets that contain dangerous or sharp items.

Output: Teach your child to wash his or her hands well, especially before meals and after using the toilet.

Preventing Injuries--How You Can Help Your Child - University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital


Input: [Safety Guidelines] Develop a fire escape plan and make sure each family member knows what to do in case of fire.

Output: Never leave a baby or young child alone--not even for a moment.

Preventing Injuries--How You Can Help Your Child - University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital


Input: [Safety Guidelines] If you must keep a gun in the home, make sure it is unloaded and store it in a locked cabinet. Lock ammunition in a separate place.

Output: Put babies to sleep on their backs or sides until they can turn over by themselves.

Preventing Injuries--How You Can Help Your Child - University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital


Input: [Safety Guidelines] Wear your seat belts and make sure your child uses an approved car safety seat or seat belt that has been installed properly.

Output: Supervise your child and make sure he or she takes part in age-appropriate activities.

Preventing Injuries--How You Can Help Your Child - University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital


Input: [Safety Guidelines] Keep a list of emergency phone numbers handy, including your local emergency medical services (EMS), your child's physician or healthcare provider, police, and fire departments, and your local poison center.

Output: Help your child to learn how to handle anger and stress in appropriate ways.

Preventing Injuries--How You Can Help Your Child - University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital


Input: [Safety Guidelines] Teach your child how to dial 911 or your local EMS system in case of an emergency.

Output: Learn about your child's school, friends, and environment. Be on the lookout for unsafe behaviors and be ready to intervene if they occur.

Preventing Injuries--How You Can Help Your Child - University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital