1 Introduction
1.1 Language Translation
1.2 Knowledge Integration
1.3 Text Understanding and Reasoning
1.4 Information Extraction
1.5 Outline of Survey
2 Embedding Models
2.1 Word Embedding Models
2.2 Sentence Embedding Models
2.3 Knowledge Graph Embedding Models
3 Alignment Approaches
3.1 Research Landscape
3.2 Alignment Use Case Enumeration
3.3 Sentence-to-Sentence Alignment
3.4 Knowledge-to-Knowledge Alignment
4 Alignment Learning Paradigms
4.1 Word-to-Word Alignment Techniques
4.2 Graph-to-Graph Alignment Techniques
4.3 Sentence-to-Sentence Alignment Techniques
5 Benchmark Datasets
5.1 Cross-language Word Alignment Benchmarks
5.2 Knowledge Graph Entity Alignment Benchmarks
6 Summary and Open Questions