1 Introduction  
2 Definition and Formulation  
3 Model Training  
3.1 Pre Training  
3.2 Warmup  
4 Prompt Designing  
4.1 Demonstration Organization  
4.2 Instruction Formatting  
4.3 Scoring Function  
5 Analysis  
5.1 Influencing Factors  
5.2 Learning Mechanism  
6 Application  
7 Challenges and Future Directions  
8 Conclusion