1. Introduction  
2. Background and Motivation  
   2.1 Terms and Concepts  
   2.2 Challenges and Tradeoffs  
   2.3 A Classification of Research Works  
3. Information-Leakage Attacks  
4. Side- and Covert-Channel Attacks  
5. Malware, Buffer-Overflow, and Denial-of-Service Attacks  
6. Conclusion and Future Outlook