1 INTRODUCTION

2 BACKGROUND  
2.1 Problem Formulation  
2.2 Challenges of LPR  
2.3 Relation to Previous Surveys  

3 LPR TECHNIQUES: LOCAL DESCRIPTOR  
3.1 Handcrafted Methods  
3.2 Learning-based Methods  
3.3 Summary  

4 LPR TECHNIQUES: GLOBAL DESCRIPTOR  
4.1 Handcrafted Methods  
4.2 Learning-based Methods  
4.3 Summary  

5 LPR TECHNIQUES: SEGMENTS  
5.1 Handcrafted Methods  
5.2 Learning-based Methods  
5.3 Summary  

6 LPR TECHNIQUES: SEMANTICS  
6.1 Learning-based Methods  
6.2 Summary  

7 LPR TECHNIQUES: TRAJECTORY  
7.1 Odometry-based Methods  
7.2 Sequence-based Methods  
7.3 Summary  

8 LPR TECHNIQUES: MAP  
8.1 Handcrafted Methods  
8.2 Learning-based Methods  
8.3 Summary  

9 LPR TECHNIQUES: OTHER METHODS  

10 BENCHMARKING  
10.1 Datasets  
10.2 Evaluation Metrics  
10.3 Evaluation Results  

11 FUTURE DIRECTIONS  
11.1 Multi-modality Information  
11.2 Innovative Solutions  
11.3 Advanced Sensors  
11.4 Significant Applications  
11.5 Approach Evaluations  
11.6 Learning-based Improvement  

12 CONCLUSIONS