1 Introduction  
2 Background  
2.1 RNNs  
2.2 Transformers  
2.3 RetNet  
2.4 Vision Transformers  
2.5 RetNet-Based Vision Transformers  
2.6 Vision-Language Models (VLMs)  
3 Related Work  
4 Latest LLMs  
4.1 Applications of LLMs  
5 Datasets  
6 LLMs and VLMs: challenges and future research directions  
7 Conclusion