1 Introduction  
2 Reasoning: Definition and Evaluation Protocols  
2.1 What is Reasoning?  
2.2 Language-only Reasoning Tasks  
2.3 Multimodal Reasoning Benchmarks  
2.4 Improving Reasoning Abilities for LLMs  
3 Multimodal Large Language Models  
3.1 Overview  
3.2 Large Language Models  
3.3 Multimodal Large Language Models  
4 Multimodal Reasoning through Instruction Tuning  
4.1 Definition of Instruction Tuning  
4.2 Instruction Tuning for In-Context Learning  
4.3 Multimodal Prompting by Representation Learning  
4.4 Multimodal Prompting by Exemplar Generation  
4.5 Multimodal Prompting by Model Interaction  
5 Applications  
5.1 Embodied AI  
5.2 MLLMs for Tool Usage  
6 Multimodal Reasoning Benchmark Result Analysis  
7 Conclusions and Future Directions