1. Introduction
2. Word Sense Disambiguation
2.1. Theoretical Research
2.2. Annotation Schemes
2.3. Datasets
2.5. Evaluation Metrics
2.7. Methods
2.8. Downstream Applications
2.9. Summary
3. Anaphora Resolution
3.1. Theoretical Research
3.2. Annotation Schemes
3.3. Datasets
3.6. Annotation Tools
3.7. Methods
3.8. Downstream Applications
3.9. Summary
4. Named Entity Recognition
4.1. Theoretical Research
4.2. Annotation Schemes
4.3. Datasets
4.7.2. Few-shot NER
4.7.3. Joint NER and Relation Extraction
4.8. Downstream Applications
4.9. Summary
5. Concept Extraction
5.1. Theoretical Research
5.2. Annotation Schemes
5.3. Datasets
5.4. Knowledge Bases
5.5. Evaluation Metrics
5.6. Annotation Tools
5.7. Methods
5.8. Downstream Applications
5.9. Summary
6. Subjectivity Detection
6.1. Theoretical Research
6.2. Annotation Schemes
6.3. Datasets
6.4. Knowledge Bases
6.5. Evaluation Metrics
6.6. Annotation Tools
6.7. Methods
6.8. Downstream Applications
6.9. Summary
7. Discussion
8. Conclusion