1 Introduction
2 Formulation of Mamba
2.1 State Space Model
2.2 Selective SSM
3 Visual Mamba Backbone Networks
3.1 Pure Mamba
3.2 Hybrid Mamba
3.3 Summary of Key Improvements
3.4 Experimental Results
4 Application
4.1 Image
4.2 Video
4.3 Point Cloud
4.4 Multi-modal
5 Challenges and Future Directions
5.1 Scalability
5.2 Causality
5.3 In-context Learning
5.4 Trustworthiness
6 Conclusion