I. INTRODUCTION  
II. BACKGROUND  
A. Implantable Medical Applications  
B. Communication Protocols  
C. Data and Data Processing  
III. RELATED WORK  
IV. SECURITY  
A. Security Threats  
B. Security Goals  
V. CRYPTOGRAPHIC KEY SECURITY  
A. Employing Physiological Features (PF)  
B. Employing Auxiliary Channels  
C. Employing External Device  
VI. SOFTWARE/FIRMWARE UPDATE SECURITY  
VII. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS SECURITY SOLUTIONS  
VIII. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IMD AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS SECURITY SOLUTIONS  
A. Vulnerabilities  
B. Security Solutions  
IX. FUTURE RESEARCH ISSUES  
A. Communication Protocols  
B. Security Threats  
C. Cryptographic Key Security  
D. Firmware Update  
E. Sensors and Actuators Security  
X. CONCLUSION