1. INTRODUCTION  
1.1 Terminology  
1.2 Survey Organization  

2. LOG STATEMENTS AND LOG FILES  
2.1 Transaction Logs  
2.2 Log Example  
2.3 Program Traces vs. Logs  

3. STUDY DESIGN  
3.1 Research Questions  
3.2 Search Strategy and Paper Selection  
3.3 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria  
3.4 Data Extraction and Collection  
3.5 Summary of Differences  

4. RQ1: HOW THE PRIOR LOGGING RESEARCH CAN BE CATEGORIZED TO DIFFERENT TOPICS?  
4.1 Survey Scope  

5. RQ2: WHAT ARE THE PUBLICATION TRENDS BASED ON VENUES, TOPICS, AND YEARS?  
5.1 Venue Trends  
5.2 Topic Trends  
5.3 Year Trends  
5.4 Logging Challenges  

6. RQ3: HOW THE RESEARCH IN EACH TOPIC CAN BE SYSTEMATICALLY COMPARED WITH THEIR APPROACHES, PROS AND CONS?  
6.1 Category A: Logging Cost and Benefit Analysis  
6.2 Mining Log Printing Statements  
6.3 Category E: Log Statement Automation  
6.4 Mining Log Files  
6.5 Category L: Emerging Applications of Logs  

7. RQ4: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE WORK  
7.1 Category A: Logging Cost  
7.2 Categories B, C, D: Logging Practices, Progression, and Issues  
7.3 Category E: Log Printing Statement Automation  
7.4 Category F: Log Maintenance and Management  
7.5 Categories G, H, I, J, K: Automated Log Analysis Applications  
7.6 Category L: Emerging Logging Research  

8. CONCLUSIONS