I. INTRODUCTION  
A. History: From Electrocardiography to Cardiac Digital Twins  
B. Study Inclusion and Literature Search  
C. Existing Survey from Literature  

II. METHODOLOGY  
A. Definition of the Problem  
B. Deterministic Estimation Approaches  
C. Probabilistic Estimation Approaches  

III. DATASET AND EVALUATION  
A. Dataset  
B. Evaluation  

IV. CLINICAL APPLICATION  

V. DISCUSSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES  

VI. CONCLUSION