1. Introduction  
1.1 The Classical Paradigm  
1.2 Our Viewpoint  
1.3 Related Work  
1.4 Clerical Matters  
2. Core Concepts  
2.1 Robustness Under Heavy-Tailed Data  
2.2 Variance Control  
2.3 Risk-Averse Learning  
2.4 Fairness-Aware Learning  
3. Key Classes of Learning Criteria  
3.1 Order-Based Criteria  
3.2 OCE Risks  
3.3 DRO Risks  
3.4 Miscellaneous  
4. Historical Background  
4.1 Origins of Expected Loss Minimization  
4.2 Expected Loss and Learning Problems  
5. A Look Forward