1 Introduction  
2 Background: Text Representations  
2.2 Text Embedding Techniques  
3 Related Work  
3.2 Validity Assessment of Text Embeddings  
4 Pretrained Embeddings for Survey Questions  
4.1 Pretrained Text Embedding Models  
4.2 Using Pretrained Embedding Models for Sentence-level Embeddings  
5 Analysis of Content Validity  
5.1 Data  
5.2 Methods  
6 Analysis of Convergent & Discriminant Validity  
6.2 Methods: Cosine Similarity Analysis  
6.3 Results  
7 Analysis of Predictive Validity  
7.1 Data: European Social Survey Wave 9  
7.2 Methods: Prediction Modelling  
8 Conclusion and Discussion