1 Introduction  
2 Overview  
2.1 Prompt Paradigm  
2.2 Types of Prompts  
2.2.1 Hard Prompt  
2.2.2 Soft Prompt  
2.3 Challenges  
3 Prompting with Efficient Computation  
3.1 Knowledge Distillation  
3.2 Encoding  
3.3 Filtering  
4 Prompting with Efficient Design  
4.1 Gradient-Based Methods  
4.2 Evolution-Based Methods  
5 Future Prompting: A Theoretical Perspective  
6 Conclusion