1 INTRODUCTION

2 DATA AND SAMPLE SELECTION

2.1 Observations

2.2 Substructures in M 31 and their PN sub-samples

2.3 Observed line-of-sight velocity distribution in M 31 substructures

3 KINEMATICS OF SIMULATED SUBSTRUCTURES IN A MAJOR-MERGER SCENARIO

3.1 Major-merger simulation of M 31

3.2 Line-of-sight velocity distribution of simulated substructures

3.3 Distribution of observed and simulated substructures in position-velocity phase space

4 DISCUSSION

5 CONCLUSION